{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T01:10:31Z","timestamp":1684717831546},"reference-count":1,"publisher":"Magnolia Press","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Zootaxa"],"abstract":"We propose a revised classification for the genus Elzunia Bryk, 1937, with four species and 20 subspecies. We describe two new subspecies, Elzunia humboldt carlosi Le Crom and Llorente, ssp. nov., and Elzunia humboldt willmotti Le Crom, Llorente and Andrade, ssp. nov. We recognize five additional unnamed subspecies but do not describe them because they are represented by too little material. A detailed examination of 854 specimens from 31 collections allowed us to define 24 stable phenotypes and delimit their geographic distribution. We present a diagnosis and description for each taxon and provide images of the wing coloration pattern and male genitalia, and a distribution map. We also present a key for all the species and subspecies. We conducted a multivariate statistical analysis of measurements of the discal cell (DC) veins, and with this we explore the species groupings by these characters. Lastly, we discuss mimetic interactions of this genus with species of other Ithomiini and Heliconiinae.\u00a0\u00a0<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.4387.1.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,26]],"date-time":"2018-02-26T01:29:13Z","timestamp":1519608553000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Analysis of some morphological characters of Elzunia Bryk, 1937 (Nymphalidae: Danainae: Ithomiini) results in a revised classification"],"prefix":"10.11646","volume":"4387","author":[{"given":"JEAN FRAN\u00c7OIS LE","family":"CROM","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"OMAR","family":"\u00c1VALOS-HERN\u00c1NDEZ","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"WALTER","family":"WINHARD","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. GONZALO","family":"ANDRADE-C.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JORGE","family":"LLORENTE-BOUSQUETS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4913","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"42272","unstructured":"

Bates, H.W. (1862) Contributions to an insect fauna of the Amazon Valley. Lepidoptera: Heliconiinae. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London<\/em>, 23, 495\u2013566.<\/p>

Boyden, T.C. (1976) Butterfly palatability and mimicry: experiments with Ameiva<\/em> lizards. Evolution<\/em>, 30, 73\u201381.<\/p>

Brabant, R. (1993) Introduction l\u00b4\u00e9tude des Ithomiidae (Rhopaloc\u00e9res Sud\u2013Am\u00e9ricains). M\u00e9moires. Union des Entomologistes Belges<\/em>, 7, 1\u201360.<\/p>

Brower, J.V.Z. (1958a) Experimental studies of mimicry in some North American butterflies. Part I. The monarch, Danaus plexippus<\/em>, and viceroy, Limenitis archippus archippus<\/em>. Evolution<\/em>, 12, 32\u201347.<\/p>

Brower, J.V.Z. (1958b) Experimental studies of mimicry in some North American butterflies. Part II. Battus philenor<\/em> and Papilio troilus<\/em>, P. polyxenes<\/em> and P. glaucus<\/em>. Evolution<\/em>, <\/em>12, 123\u2013136.<\/p>

Brower, J.V.Z. (1958c) Experimental studies of mimicry in some North American butterflies. Part III. Danaus gilippus berenice<\/em> and Limenitis archippus floridensis<\/em>. Evolution<\/em>, 12, 273\u2013285.<\/p>

Brower, L.P., Brower, J.V.Z. & Collins, C.T. (1963) Experimental studies on mimicy. 7. Relative palatability and M\u00fcllerian mimicry among neotropical butterflies on the subfamily Heliconiinae. Zoologica<\/em>, 7, 65\u201384.<\/p>

Brower, A.V.Z., Willmott, K.R., Silva-Brandao, K.L., Garz\u00f3n-Ordu\u00f1a, I.J. & Freitas, A.V.L. (2014) Phylogenetic relationships of ithomiine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Danainae) as implied by combined morphological and molecular data. Systematics and Biodiversity<\/em>, 12, 133\u2013147.
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14772000.2014.899650<\/p>

Brown, K.S.jr. (1979) Ecologia geogr\u00e1fica e evolu\u00e7\u00e3o nas florestas neotropicais<\/em>. Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 265 pp.<\/p>

Bryk, F. (1937) Zur Synonymie von Tithorea<\/em> Doubl. (Lep. Danaidae). Parnassiana<\/em>, 4, 20\u201321.<\/p>

Butler, A.G. (1873) Descriptions of new species of Lepidoptera. Cistula entomologica<\/em>, 1, 151\u2013177.<\/p>

Chang, V.C.S. (1963) Quantitative analysis of certain wing and genitalia characters of Pieris<\/em> in Western North America. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera<\/em>, 2, 91\u2013125.<\/p>

D\u2019Almeida, R.F. (1978) Cat\u00e1logo dos Ithomiiidae americanos (Lepidoptera)<\/em>. Centro de Recursos Audiovisuais, Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba, 405 pp.<\/p>

DeVries, P.J. (1987) The Butterflies of Costa Rica and Their Natural History, Vol. I: Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae<\/em>. Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 327 pp.<\/p>

Doubleday, E. (1847) The genera of diurnal Lepidoptera: comprising their generic characters, a notice of their habits and transformations, and a catalogue of the species of each genus<\/em>. Longman, Brown, Green & Longmans, London, 534 pp.<\/p>

Fox, R.M. (1941) New Ithomiinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Readings Public Museum Scientific Publications<\/em>, 2, 1\u201334.<\/p>

Fox, R.M. (1956) A monograph of the Ithomiidae (Lepidoptera). Part I. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History<\/em>, 111, 1\u201376.<\/p>

Fox, R.M. (1961) A check list of the Ithomiidae. 1. Tribes Tithoreini and Melinaeini. Journal of the Lepidopterists\u2019 Society<\/em>, 15, 25\u201333.<\/p>

Gu\u00e9rin\u2013M\u00e9n\u00e9ville, F.E. (1844) Dixi\u00e8me ordre.\u2013 Les l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res. In:<\/em> Cuvier, G. Iconographie du R\u00e8gne Animal.<\/em> J. B. Bailli\u00e8re, Paris, pp. 466\u2013530.<\/p>

Haensch, R. (1903) Die Ithomiinen (Neotropiden) meiner Ecuador\u2013Reise. Mit Beschreibungen neuer Formen und biologischen Notizen. Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift<\/em>, 48, 157\u2013214.
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mmnd.19030480305<\/p>

Haensch, R. (1909) 3. Familie: Danaidae. In<\/em>: Seitz, A. (Ed.) Die Gross\u2013Schmetterlinge der Erde<\/em>. Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart, 119 pp.<\/p>

Hewitson, W.C. (1873) Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies, selected chiefly from the collections of W. Wilson Saunders and William C. Hewitson<\/em>. John Van Voorst, London, 81 pp.<\/p>

Huheey, J.E. (1984) Warning coloration and mimicry. In: Bell, W. J. & Card, T (Eds.) Chemical ecology of insects<\/em>. Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 257\u2013297.
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4899-3368-3_10<\/p>

Huheey, J.E. (1988) Mathematical models of mimicry. The American Naturalist<\/em>, 131, S22\u2013S41.
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/284765<\/p>

Kaye, W.J. (1918) New species and races of Ithomiinae in the Joicey collection. Journal of Natural History<\/em>, 1, 77\u201386.
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00222931808562291<\/p>

Klots, A.B. (1970) Lepidoptera. In<\/em>: Tux\u00e9n, S.L. (ed), Taxonomist\u2019s glossary of genitalia in insects. Munksgaard, Copenhagen.<\/p>

Lamas, G. (2004) Checklist: Part 4A. Hesperioidea \u2013 Papilionoidea<\/em>. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera. Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, 439 pp.<\/p>

Latreille, P.A. (1809) Insectes de l\u2019Am\u00e9rique \u00e9quinoxiale recueillis pendant le voyage de MM. de Humboldt et Bonpland, et d\u00e9crits par m, Latreille. In<\/em>: Humboldt, A. & Bonpland, A. Voyage de Humboldt et Bonpland aux regions equinoxiales du Nouveau Continent: Part II. Zoologie (Vol. 1)<\/em>. Shoell, Paris, pp. 127\u2013259.<\/p>

Llorente, J.E. (1984) Sinopsis sistem\u00e1tica y biogeogr\u00e1fica de los Dismorphiinae de M\u00e9xico con especial referencia al g\u00e9nero Enantia<\/em> H\u00fcbner (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Folia Entomologica Mexicana<\/em>, 58, 1\u2013207.<\/p>

Llorente, J.E., Pozo, C. & Luis, A. (1993) Anetia thirza thirza<\/em> (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): su ciclo de vida y distribuci\u00f3n. Publicaciones especiales del Museo de Zoolog\u00eda, UNAM<\/em>, 7, 63\u201387.<\/p>

Mielke, O.H. & Brown, K.S.jr. (1979) Suplemento ao Cat\u00e1logo dos Ithomiidae americanos de R. Ferreira D\u2019Almeida (Lepidoptera) (Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae)<\/em>. Centro de Recursos Audiovisuais da UFPr, Curitiba, 216 pp.<\/p>

Neild, A.F.E. (2008) The butterflies of Venezuela. Part 2: Nymphalidae II (Acraeinae, Libytheinae, Nymphalinae, Ithomiinae, Morphinae). A comprehensive guide to the identification of adult Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, and Pieridae<\/em>. Meridian Publications, London, 275 pp.<\/p>

R Development Core Team (2016) R: A language and environment for statistical computing<\/em>. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna.<\/p>

Remington, J.E. & Remington, C.L. (1957) Mimicry, a test of evolutionary theory. Yale Scientific Magazine<\/em>, 32, 10\u201321.<\/p>

R\u00f6ber, J.K.M. (1927) Neue exotische Falter. Internationale entomologische Zeitschrift<\/em>, 20, 400\u2013403.<\/p>

Rothschild, M, (1963) Is the buff ermine (Spilosoma lutea<\/em> (Huf.)) a mimic of the white ermine (Spilosoma lubricipeda<\/em> (L.))? Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London<\/em>, 38, 159\u2013164.
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-3032.1963.tb00772.x<\/p>

Salazar, J.A. & Constantino, L.M. (2007) Descripci\u00f3n de nuevas especies de Rhopal\u00f3ceros para Colombia (Lep. Pieridae, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Ithomiinae, Riodinidae). Bolet\u00edn Cient\u00edfico del Centro de Museos de Historia Natural, Universidad de Caldas<\/em>, 11, 167\u2013186.<\/p>

Scudder, S.H. (1875) Historical sketch of the generic names proposed for butterflies. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences<\/em>, 10, 91\u2013293.
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/20021416<\/p>

Sheppard, P. M. (1958) Natural selection and heredity<\/em>. Harpers, New York, 212 pp.<\/p>

Srnka, A. (1885) Neue s\u00fcdamerikanische Danaidae und Heliconidae. Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift<\/em>, 29, 121\u2013130.
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mmnd.18850290117<\/p>

Staudinger, O. (1885) I. Theil. Exotische Tagfalter in systematischer Reihenfolge mit Ber\u00fccksichtigung neuer Arten, pp. 215\u2013234. In<\/em>: Staudinger, O. & Schatz, E. (eds.), Exotische Schmetterling<\/em>, G. L\u00f6wensohn, F\u00fcrth.<\/p>

Stichel, H.F. (1903) Note. Insektenb\u00f6rse<\/em>, 20, 1\u2013285.<\/p>

Stichel, H.F. (1904) Note. Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift<\/em>, 49, 1\u201318.<\/p>

T\u00e9llez, P.A., Giraldo, C.A. & Morales, G. (2014) Natural history and distribution notes from Elzunia humboldt quinduensis<\/em> (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in Quindio (Colombia). Revista Colombiana de Entomolog\u00eda<\/em>, 40, 296\u2013299.<\/p>

Wahlberg, N., Leneveu, J., Kodandaramaiah, U., Pe\u00f1a, C., Nylin, S., Freitas, A.V.L. & Brower, A.V.Z. (2009) Nymphalid butterflies diversify following near demise at the Cretaceous\/Tertiary boundary. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B<\/em>, 276, 4295\u20134302.
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2009.1303<\/p>

Warren, A.D., Davis, K.J., Stangeland, E.M., Pelham, J.P. & Grishin, N.V. (2013) Illustrated List of American Butterflies<\/em>. Available from: http:\/\/www.butterfliesofamerica.com (accessed 1 March 2016).<\/p>

Weymer, G. (1909) Exotische Lepidopteren. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift \u201cIris<\/em>, 22, 1\u201335.<\/p>

<\/p>"}],"container-title":["Zootaxa"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mapress.com\/zt\/article\/download\/zootaxa.4387.1.1\/13878","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mapress.com\/zt\/article\/download\/zootaxa.4387.1.1\/13878","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T00:36:00Z","timestamp":1684715760000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mapress.com\/zt\/article\/view\/zootaxa.4387.1.1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,26]]},"references-count":1,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11646\/zootaxa.4387.1.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1175-5334","1175-5326"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1175-5334","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1175-5326","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,26]]}}}