{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T14:56:24Z","timestamp":1773845784163,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1991,8,1]],"date-time":"1991-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":681004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an allergic granulomatous interstitial lung disease resulting from a reaction of selected individuals to repeated inhalations of certain antigens. HP is characterized by chronic inflammation, and the development of the disease seems to be immunologically mediated. In farmer's lung, the source of provoking antigen has been found to be actinomycetes such as Micropolyspora faeni. In this study, we show that M. faeni, or antigens thereof, stimulate strong release of proinflammatory cytokines from blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages obtained from nonfarmer volunteers and naive mouse peritoneal macrophages. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) was produced by human alveolar macrophages and murine peritoneal macrophages in response to whole M. faeni and antigens thereof. IL-1 activity was detected in the supernatants at 12 h of incubation and was maximal by 24 to 36 h (200 to 400 U\/ml of IL-1). A rabbit antiserum to IL-1\u03b1: and IL-1\u03b2 neutralized the thymocyte-stimulating activity of the supernatants. Moreover, M. faeni (1 to 100 \u03b5g of antigen) elicited a strong secretion of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) from human alveolar macrophages and monocytes as well as mouse peritoneal macrophages, where 1 \u00b5g of M. faeni elicited the secretion of approximately 100 U of TNF-\u03b1 from 2 \u00d7 105 macrophages, and 100 \u00b5g stimulated the release of approximately 1,000 U of bioactive TNF-\u03b1. One particle of whole M. faeni per cell was sufficient to induce copious release of TNF-\u03b1 from macrophages or monocytes (100 U of bioactive TNF-\u03b1; 1,000 pg\/ml of antigenic TNF-\u03b1 as seen by radioimmunoassay). Both IL-1 and TNF-\u03b1 productions stimulated by M. faeni were not abrogated by inclusion of polymyxin B. We propose that the direct stimulation of cytokines by M. faeni or antigens thereof may play an important role in HP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb\/5.2.198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,3]],"date-time":"2013-04-03T23:05:08Z","timestamp":1365030308000},"page":"198-203","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Whole\n                    <i>Micropolyspora faeni<\/i>\n                    or Antigens Thereof Stimulate the Release of Proinflammatory Cytokines from Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Michel","family":"Denis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de recherche, Centre de Pneumologie de l'H\u00f4pital et l'Universit\u00e9 Laval, Sainte-Foy, and Montreal General Hospital, Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yvon","family":"Cormier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de recherche, Centre de Pneumologie de l'H\u00f4pital et l'Universit\u00e9 Laval, Sainte-Foy, and Montreal General Hospital, Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johanne","family":"Tardif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de recherche, Centre de Pneumologie de l'H\u00f4pital et l'Universit\u00e9 Laval, Sainte-Foy, and Montreal General Hospital, Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esfandiar","family":"Ghadirian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de recherche, Centre de Pneumologie de l'H\u00f4pital et l'Universit\u00e9 Laval, Sainte-Foy, and Montreal General Hospital, Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Laviolette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de recherche, Centre de Pneumologie de l'H\u00f4pital et l'Universit\u00e9 Laval, Sainte-Foy, and Montreal General Hospital, Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1991,8,1]]},"container-title":["American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrcmb\/article-pdf\/5\/2\/198\/67277571\/ajrcmb_5_2_198.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrcmb\/article-pdf\/5\/2\/198\/67277571\/ajrcmb_5_2_198.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T09:53:14Z","timestamp":1773827594000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrcmb\/article\/5\/2\/198\/8511739"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1991,8,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1991,8,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1165\/ajrcmb\/5.2.198","relation":{},"ISSN":["1044-1549","1535-4989"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1044-1549","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-4989","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[1991,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[1991,8,1]]}}}