{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T00:44:28Z","timestamp":1772930668908,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,9,1]],"date-time":"1998-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":904608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Defensins and other antimicrobial peptides act in the innate host defense of epithelial surfaces. Human beta defensin 1 (hBD-1) has recently been shown to be expressed in airway epithelial cells and so has been implicated as a primary component of antibacterial activity in human lung. We attempted to purify these molecules from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Extraction of BALF on SepPak C-18 cartridges, followed by continuous acid\u2013urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography yielded one fraction with antibacterial activity associated with factors of &amp;lt; 6.5 kD. N-terminal amino acid sequencing identified these peptides as human neutrophil defensins (HD) 1 through 3. No hBD-1 was detected. Together with lysozyme, it appears that HD-1 through -3 are the most prominent antimicrobial factors in BALF. The contribution of epithelial defensins such as hBD-1 to antibacterial defense of human airway in vivo remains to be elucidated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.19.3.3384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,3]],"date-time":"2013-04-03T22:19:27Z","timestamp":1365027567000},"page":"352-356","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Antibacterial Peptides in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"D.","family":"Schnapp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026030700165200000_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.13.040195.000425","article-title":"Peptide antibiotics and their role in innate immunity.","volume":"13","author":"Boman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2026030700165200000_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.1996.d01-76.x","article-title":"Peptide antibiotics: holy or heretic grails of innate immunity?","volume":"43","author":"Boman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"2026030700165200000_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7886453","article-title":"Epithelial antibiotics induced at sites of inflammation.","volume":"267","author":"Sch\u00f6nwetter","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026030700165200000_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.11.040193.000541","article-title":"Defensins: antimicrobial and cytotoxic peptides of mammalian cells.","volume":"11","author":"Lehrer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2026030700165200000_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1041550223","article-title":"Defensins are mitogenic for epithelial cells and fibroblasts.","volume":"155","author":"Murphy","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"2026030700165200000_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2935","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.6.2935","article-title":"Identification of defensin-1, defensin-2, and CAP37\/azurocidin as T-cell chemoattractant proteins released from interleukin-8-stimulated neutrophils.","volume":"271","author":"Chertov","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2026030700165200000_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10654","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.18.10654","article-title":"The isolation and characterization of a novel corticostatin\/defensin-like peptide from the kidney.","volume":"271","author":"Bateman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2026030700165200000_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(94)36015-4","article-title":"Neutrophil defensins: purification, characterization and antimicrobial testing.","volume":"236","author":"Harwig","year":"1994","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"2026030700165200000_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)50079-X","article-title":"Paneth cells of the human small intestine express an antimicrobial peptide gene.","volume":"267","author":"Jones","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2026030700165200000_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(93)81160-2","article-title":"Defensin-6 mRNA in human Paneth cells: implications for antimicrobial peptides in host defense of the human bowel.","volume":"315","author":"Jones","year":"1993","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"2026030700165200000_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(97)70517-9","article-title":"Detection of human defensin 5 in reproductive tissues.","volume":"176","author":"Svinarich","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"2026030700165200000_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(95)00687-5","article-title":"hBD-1: a novel defensin from human plasma.","volume":"368","author":"Bensch","year":"1995","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"2026030700165200000_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(96)01123-4","article-title":"Widespread expression of beta-defensin-hbd-1 in human secretory glands and epithelial cells.","volume":"396","author":"Zhao","year":"1996","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"2026030700165200000_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/43088","article-title":"A peptide antibiotic from human skin.","volume":"387","author":"Harder","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026030700165200000_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81099-5","article-title":"Cystic fibrosis airway epithelia fail to kill bacteria because of abnormal airway surface liquid.","volume":"85","author":"Smith","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026030700165200000_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.16.3.9070620","article-title":"Human airway epithelia express a beta-defensin.","volume":"16","author":"McCray","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2026030700165200000_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81895-4","article-title":"Human \u03b2-defensin-1 is a salt-sensitive antibiotic in lung that is inactivated in cystic fibrosis.","volume":"88","author":"Goldman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026030700165200000_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(91)90021-7","article-title":"Ultrasensitive assays for endogenous antimicrobial peptides.","volume":"137","author":"Lehrer","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"2026030700165200000_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(87)90587-2","article-title":"Tricine-sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for the separation of proteins in the range of 1 to 100 kDa.","volume":"166","author":"Sch\u00e4gger","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"2026030700165200000_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein using the principle of dye-binding.","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"2026030700165200000_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1993.1065","article-title":"Purification of cysteine-rich bioactive peptides from leukocytes by continuous acid-urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.","volume":"208","author":"Harwig","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"2026030700165200000_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1996.0086n.x","article-title":"Antibacterial peptides in wound and blister fluid.","volume":"237","author":"Frohm","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"2026030700165200000_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(96)01374-9","article-title":"Clavainins, \u03b1-helical antimicrobial peptides from tunicate haemocytes.","volume":"400","author":"Lee","year":"1997","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"2026030700165200000_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/s000110050114","article-title":"Purification and characterization of defensins from cystic fibrosis sputum.","volume":"46","author":"Soong","year":"1997","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"2026030700165200000_B25","first-page":"L888","article-title":"Effects of defensins on interleukin-8 synthesis in airway epithelial cells.","volume":"272","author":"van Wetering","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"2026030700165200000_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.58.2.128","article-title":"Defensins and other endogenous peptide antibiotics of vertebrates.","volume":"58","author":"Martin","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."}],"container-title":["American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrcmb\/article-pdf\/19\/3\/352\/67194930\/ajrcmb_19_3_352.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrcmb\/article-pdf\/19\/3\/352\/67194930\/ajrcmb_19_3_352.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T05:26:37Z","timestamp":1772861197000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrcmb\/article\/19\/3\/352\/8503104"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,9,1]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,9,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1165\/ajrcmb.19.3.3384","relation":{},"ISSN":["1535-4989","1044-1549"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1535-4989","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1044-1549","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[1998,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,9,1]]}}}