{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T00:41:50Z","timestamp":1772930510947,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,4,1]],"date-time":"1999-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":922924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We previously reported (Gray, T. E., K. Guzman, C. W. Davis, L. H. Abdullah, and P. Nettesheim. 1996. Mucociliary differentiation of serially passaged normal human tracheobronchial epithelial cells. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 14:104\u2013112) that retinoic acid (RA)\u2013deprived cultures of normal human tracheobronchial epithelial (NHTBE) cells became squamous, failed to produce mucin, and instead secreted or released large amounts of lysozyme (LZ). The purpose of the studies reported here was to elucidate the relationship between RA deficiency\u2013induced squamous differentiation and increased LZ, and to determine what mechanisms were involved. We found that intracellular LZ began to accumulate in RA-deficient NHTBE cultures early during squamous differentiation. Between Days 10 and 18 of culture, cellular LZ levels were more than 10 times higher in RA-deficient than in RA-sufficient cultures. On Day 12, large numbers of cells began to exfoliate in RA-deficient cultures and extracellular LZ appeared at the apical surface, presumably released from the exfoliated cells. Metabolic labeling studies showed that the rate of LZ synthesis was not increased in RA-deficient cultures over that in RA-sufficient cultures; however, intracellular LZ half-life was much longer in RA-deficient cultures. We concluded that the increased accumulation of both intra- and extracellular LZ in RA-deficient cultures was due to increased LZ stability and was not the result of increased LZ synthesis. When RA-deficient cultures were treated on Day 7 with 10\u22126 M RA, intracellular LZ levels did not substantially decrease until 3 d later, coinciding with a marked increase in mucin secretion. LZ messenger RNA levels were unchanged at 24 h, but were modestly increased (rather than decreased) at all subsequent time points. We concluded that RA does not directly regulate LZ, and that the excessive accumulation of LZ in RA-deprived NHTBE cells is a consequence of vitamin A deficiency\u2013induced abnormal differentiation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.20.4.3127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,3]],"date-time":"2013-04-03T21:59:27Z","timestamp":1365026367000},"page":"573-581","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Lysozyme Expression during Metaplastic Squamous Differentiation of Retinoic Acid\u2013Deficient Human Tracheobronchial Epithelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Joo-Heon","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Laboratory of Pulmonary Pathobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ja Seok","family":"Koo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Laboratory of Pulmonary Pathobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Derek","family":"Norford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Laboratory of Pulmonary Pathobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Guzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Laboratory of Pulmonary Pathobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Laboratory of Pulmonary Pathobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Nettesheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Laboratory of Pulmonary Pathobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026030700131605200_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00285225","article-title":"What's new in lysozyme research?","volume":"63","author":"Jolles","year":"1984","journal-title":"Mol. 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