{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:09:24Z","timestamp":1791234564398,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,6,1]],"date-time":"1999-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":928195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Various studies have shown that alcohol exposure before thermal injury leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Pulmonary failure is a major complication seen in these patients. This study examines the effects of prior alcohol exposure on lung pathology after burn injury. There is a marked increase in neutrophil recruitment in the lung after thermal injury, and herein we show that this appears to be significantly elevated in animals given alcohol before burn injury. Consequently, we chose to determine whether there is a difference in pulmonary production of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, a potent neutrophil chemoattractant, in mice subjected to a 15% total body surface area scald (or sham) injury with or without prior ethanol treatment. Lung tissue was obtained at various time points after injury and homogenates were assayed for MIP-2 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. At 2 h after injury, peak levels of the chemokine were produced in both burn and burn + alcohol\u2013treated mice. This represents a 7-fold increase above baseline. In mice exposed to burn injury alone, the level of MIP-2 returned to baseline within 8 h. In contrast, mice given alcohol before burn injury continued to show elevated levels of the chemokine at 8 h, after which MIP-2 decreased. This study may provide a basis for understanding the mechanism responsible for the increased neutrophil presence in the lung after thermal injury in individuals who have consumed alcohol. Subsequently, this may lead to the enhanced neutrophil-mediated pulmonary damage observed in these patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.20.6.3491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,3]],"date-time":"2013-04-03T22:03:44Z","timestamp":1365026624000},"page":"1229-1237","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Elevation in Pulmonary Neutrophils and Prolonged Production of Pulmonary Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-2 after Burn Injury with Prior Alcohol Exposure"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Parag J.","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Burn and Shock Trauma Institute; and Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas E.","family":"Faunce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Burn and Shock Trauma Institute; and Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meredith S.","family":"Gregory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Burn and Shock Trauma Institute; and Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Duffner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Burn and Shock Trauma Institute; and Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth J.","family":"Kovacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Burn and Shock Trauma Institute; and Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026030700144905100_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pu.09.050188.000531","article-title":"Alcohol and residential, recreational, and occupational injuries.","volume":"9","author":"Smith","year":"1988","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1985.01390300058010","article-title":"Effects of alcohol and other drugs on traumatized patients.","volume":"120","author":"Thal","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B3","first-page":"475","article-title":"Alcohol as a risk factor for injuries or death due to fires and burns.","volume":"102","author":"Howland","year":"1987","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199506000-00019","article-title":"The impact of substance use on mortality and morbidity from thermal injury.","volume":"38","author":"McGill","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1097\/00004630-198803000-00009","article-title":"Burns in substance abusers and in neurologically and mentally impaired patients.","volume":"9","author":"Brezel","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Burn Care Rehabil."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(86)90513-9","article-title":"Infections in burn patients","volume":"81","author":"Luterman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198609000-00006","article-title":"Prompt eschar excision: a treatment system contributing to reduced burn mortality. A statistical evaluation of burn care at the Massachusetts General Hospital (1974\u20131984).","volume":"204","author":"Tompkins","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198811000-00006","article-title":"Significant reductions in mortality for children with burn injuries through the use of prompt eschar excision.","volume":"208","author":"Tompkins","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S80","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199012001-00019","article-title":"Neutrophil disorders in burn injury: complement, cytokines, and organ injury.","volume":"30","author":"Solomkin","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1027377904641","article-title":"Thermal injury induces the development of inflammatory macrophages from nonadherent bone marrow cells.","volume":"21","author":"Ogle","year":"1997","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B11","first-page":"588","article-title":"Thermal injury induces production of IL-1\u03b1 in the rat by mechanisms other than endotoxemia.","volume":"115","author":"Mester","year":"1994","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1097\/00024382-199808000-00009","article-title":"Acute ethanol exposure prior to thermal injury results in decreased T-cell responses mediated in part by increased production of IL-6.","volume":"10","author":"Faunce","year":"1998","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-8329(92)90080-T","article-title":"Ethanol and cytokine secretion.","volume":"9","author":"Martinez","year":"1992","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199502000-00008","article-title":"Chronic ethanol intake and burn injury: evidence for synergistic alteration in gut and immune integrity.","volume":"38","author":"Napolitano","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-8329(92)90081-K","article-title":"Effects of ethanol on parameters of cellular immunity and host defense mechanisms to infectious agents.","volume":"9","author":"Jerrels","year":"1992","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-8329(91)90187-2","article-title":"Effect of alcohol on spleen cells and their functions in C57BL\/6 mice.","volume":"8","author":"Chadha","year":"1991","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B17","first-page":"573","article-title":"The interaction of ethanol with human IgG-Fc receptors.","volume":"29","author":"Morland","year":"1989","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(89)90472-4","article-title":"Alcohol suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor activity in serum and lung.","volume":"44","author":"Nelson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B19","first-page":"425","article-title":"Increased susceptibility of experimental animals to infectious organisms as a consequence of ethanol consumption.","volume":"2","author":"Jerrels. T. R., I. Slukvin, D. Sibley, and J. Fuseler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B20"},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.1.159","article-title":"Neutralization of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 attenuates neutrophil recruitment and bacterial clearance in murine Klebsiella pneumonia.","volume":"173","author":"Greenberger","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.15.5.8918372","article-title":"Intra-alveolar macrophage-inflammatory peptide 2 induces rapid neutrophil localization in the lung.","volume":"15","author":"Gupta","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.3109\/01902149409031733","article-title":"Macrophage inflammatory proteins: biology and role in pulmonary inflammation.","volume":"20","author":"Driscoll","year":"1994","journal-title":"Exp. Lung Res."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118821","article-title":"Neutrophil infiltration, glial reaction, and neurological disease in transgenic mice expressing the chemokine N51\/KC in oligodendrocytes.","volume":"98","author":"Tani","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(95)00008-P","article-title":"Chemokine expression in murine experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.","volume":"58","author":"Godiska","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.59.1.24","article-title":"Expression and regulation of chemokines in bacterial pneumonia.","volume":"59","author":"Standiford","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4367","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.155.9.4367","article-title":"Experimental listeria meningoencephalitis: macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha and -2 are produced intrathecally and mediate chemotactic activity in cerebrospinal fluid of infected mice.","volume":"155","author":"Seebach","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.12.3.7873201","article-title":"Airway neutrophilia and chemokine mRNA expression in sulfur dioxide-induced bronchitis.","volume":"12","author":"Farone","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.180.6.2039","article-title":"Expression of the chemokine N51\/KC in the thymus of transgenic mice results in marked infiltration of a single class of inflammatory cells.","volume":"180","author":"Lira","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.154.1.335","article-title":"Functional characterization of the rat chemokine KC and its importance in neutrophil recruitment in a rat model of pulmonary inflammation.","volume":"154","author":"Frevert","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1097\/00004630-199601000-00006","article-title":"Neutrophil recruitment following remote scald injury.","volume":"17","author":"Stengle","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Burn Care Rehabil."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.62.6.733","article-title":"Effects of acute ethanol exposure on cellular immune responses in a murine model of thermal injury.","volume":"62","author":"Faunce","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-196811000-00006","article-title":"A standard animal burn.","volume":"8","author":"Walker","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B34"},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3036","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.8.3036","article-title":"Estrogen suppression of connective tissue deposition in a murine model of peritoneal adhesions formation.","volume":"156","author":"Frazier-Jessen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00952962","article-title":"Polymorphic expression of a neutrophil differentiation antigen by a monoclonal antibody 7\/4.","volume":"18","author":"Hirsch","year":"1983","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antigen markers of macrophage differentiation in murine tissues.","volume":"181","author":"Gordon","year":"1992","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B38"},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.10.2.8110470","article-title":"Cytokine expression by neutrophils and macrophages in vivo: endotoxin induces tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1, macrophage inflammatory protein 2, interleukin-1\u03b2, and interleukin-6 but not RANTES or transforming growth factor-\u03b2, mRNA expression in acute lung inflammation.","volume":"10","author":"Xing","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.15.2.8703484","article-title":"Time course of chemotactic factor generation and neutrophil recruitment in the lungs of dust-exposed rats.","volume":"15","author":"Yuen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B41","first-page":"981","article-title":"Expression of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and KC mRNA in pulmonary inflammation.","volume":"141","author":"Huang","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J. Pathol."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.10.2.8110477","article-title":"Role of interleukin-1 in endotoxin-induced lung injury in the rat.","volume":"10","author":"Rose","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1159\/000410473","article-title":"Phagocytic defense in the lung.","volume":"36","author":"Reynolds","year":"1985","journal-title":"Antibiot. Chemother."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/141.2.471","article-title":"Macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils in lung defense and injury.","volume":"141","author":"Sibille","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.93.06101529","article-title":"Pulmonary immune cells in health and disease: polymorphonuclear neutrophils.","volume":"6","author":"Sibille","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.me.36.020185.001231","article-title":"Elastase in tissue injury.","volume":"36","author":"Janoff","year":"1985","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)80304-0","article-title":"Role of inflammation in respiratory tract infections.","volume":"99","author":"Stockley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B48","first-page":"27","article-title":"Role of toxic oxygen products from phagocytic cells in tissue injury.","volume":"10","author":"Ward","year":"1983","journal-title":"Adv. Shock Res."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-5925-8_28","article-title":"The effects of ethanol, tumor necrosis factor, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on lung antibacterial defenses.","volume":"288","author":"Nelson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1997.tb03838.x","article-title":"Acute ethanol intoxication suppresses the pulmonary inflammatory response in rats challenged with intrapulmonary endotoxin.","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01640.x","article-title":"Human neutrophil functions are inhibited in vitro by clinically relevant ethanol concentrations.","volume":"20","author":"Patel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(94)90161-9","article-title":"Acute ethanol intoxication regulates f-met-leu-phe-induced chemotaxis and superoxide release by neutrophils and Kupffer cells through modulation of the formyl peptide receptor in the rat.","volume":"54","author":"Bautista","year":"1994","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.5.1131","article-title":"Ethanol impairs neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro but not adherence or recruitment to lungs of rats with experimental pneumococcal pneumonia.","volume":"167","author":"Lister","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4804(91)90096-5","article-title":"Immune suppression after acute ethanol ingestion and thermal injury.","volume":"51","author":"Kawakami","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.15.1.8679228","article-title":"Glucocorticoid effects in an endotoxin-induced rat pulmonary inflammation model: differential effects on neutrophil influx, integrin expression, and inflammatory mediators.","volume":"15","author":"O'Leary","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.18.1.2813","article-title":"Expression and release of interleukin-8 by human airway smooth muscle cells: inhibition by Th-2 cytokines and corticosteroids.","volume":"18","author":"John","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.16.3.9070611","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-mediated inhibition of neutrophil emigration in an endotoxin-induced rat pulmonary inflammation model occurs without an effect on airways MIP-2 levels.","volume":"16","author":"O'Leary","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2026030700144905100_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.64.6.724","article-title":"Glucocorticoids protect against suppression of T cell responses in a murine model of acute ethanol exposure and thermal injury by regulating IL-6.","volume":"64","author":"Faunce","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."}],"container-title":["American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrcmb\/article-pdf\/20\/6\/1229\/67194401\/ajrcmb_20_6_1229.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrcmb\/article-pdf\/20\/6\/1229\/67194401\/ajrcmb_20_6_1229.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T05:25:08Z","timestamp":1772861108000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrcmb\/article\/20\/6\/1229\/8503050"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,6,1]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,6,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1165\/ajrcmb.20.6.3491","relation":{},"ISSN":["1535-4989","1044-1549"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1535-4989","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1044-1549","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,6,1]]}}}