{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:47:57Z","timestamp":1793296077546,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,7,1]],"date-time":"1999-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":930787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>During late pregnancy, the fetal lung stores surfactant in preparation for extrauterine life. Surfactant deficiency, most often due to prematurity, precipitates respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the neonate. Although vitamin A (retinol) and retinoic acid have been shown to enhance the synthesis of phospholipid surfactant components, their effect on surfactant-specific proteins is unclear. No attempt has been made to evaluate the consequences of vitamin A restriction on surfactant phospholipid storage or on the expression of the life-essential surfactant protein-B (SP-B). We induced in rats a partial vitamin A deficiency leading to a 30\u201360% reduction in blood retinol, a status compatible with maintenance of gestation and absence of gross abnormalities in offspring. At term, lung surfactant phospholipids were reduced by 21%, and the major surfactant phospholipid, disaturated phosphatidylcholine (DSPC), was reduced by 27% in vitamin A-deficient (VAD) fetuses. The decrease in surfactant phospholipids and DSPC correlated linearly with plasma retinol, and reached about 50% in fetuses with the lowest retinol concentrations; it was accompanied by reduced expression of the gene for fatty acid synthase, a key enzyme in the synthetic pathway for surfactant-phospholipid lipid precursors. The amounts of SP-A, SP-B, and SP-C messenger RNAs were decreased by 46%, 32%, and 28%, respectively, in VAD fetuses. Consistently, amounts of SP-A and SP-B proteins were diminished as assessed by Western blotting. The proportion of type II cells determined after SP-B labeling was unchanged in VAD as compared with control lungs. Vitamin A deficiency is therefore a cause of lung maturational delay. In view of its rather large incidence in human populations, it may represent an increased risk for RDS and an aggravating factor for prematurity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.21.1.3563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,3]],"date-time":"2013-04-03T21:56:28Z","timestamp":1365026188000},"page":"89-96","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Mild Vitamin A Deficiency Delays Fetal Lung Maturation in the Rat"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Bernadette","family":"Chailley-Heu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U319, D\u00e9veloppement Normal et Pathologique des Fonctions Epith\u00e9liales, Universit\u00e9 Paris 7-Denis Diderot, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Chelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U319, D\u00e9veloppement Normal et Pathologique des Fonctions Epith\u00e9liales, Universit\u00e9 Paris 7-Denis Diderot, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martine","family":"Leli\u00e8vre-P\u00e9gorier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U319, D\u00e9veloppement Normal et Pathologique des Fonctions Epith\u00e9liales, Universit\u00e9 Paris 7-Denis Diderot, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Marie","family":"Barlier-Mur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U319, D\u00e9veloppement Normal et Pathologique des Fonctions Epith\u00e9liales, Universit\u00e9 Paris 7-Denis Diderot, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudie","family":"Merlet-B\u00e9nichou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U319, D\u00e9veloppement Normal et Pathologique des Fonctions Epith\u00e9liales, Universit\u00e9 Paris 7-Denis Diderot, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques R.","family":"Bourbon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U319, D\u00e9veloppement Normal et Pathologique des Fonctions Epith\u00e9liales, Universit\u00e9 Paris 7-Denis Diderot, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026030700090385400_B1"},{"key":"2026030700090385400_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/125.suppl_6.1634S","article-title":"Role of vitamin A in lung development.","volume":"125","author":"Zachman","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. 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Multiple abnormalities at various stages of organogenesis in RAR double mutants.","volume":"120","author":"Mendelsohn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2026030700090385400_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.12.5.7742011","article-title":"Retinoic acid induces changes in the pattern of airway branching and alters epithelial cell differentiation in the developing lung in vitro.","volume":"12","author":"Cardoso","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2026030700090385400_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0177(199609)207:1<47::AID-AJA6>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Retinoic acid alters the expression of pattern-related genes in the developing lung.","volume":"207","author":"Cardoso","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dev. 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