{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T07:04:23Z","timestamp":1791097463497,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,1]],"date-time":"2001-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":996624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\u03b2 -glucans represent major structural components of fungal cell walls. We recently reported that Pneumocystis carinii \u03b2 -glucans stimulate alveolar macrophages to release proinflammatory cytokines. Macrophage activation by \u03b2 -glucan is augmented by serum, implying the presence of circulating factors that interact with \u03b2 -glucans and enhance their ability to stimulate macrophages. Using \u03b2 -glucan\u2013enriched cell wall fractions from P. carinii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, two prominent proteins were precipitated from serum and demonstrated to be vitronectin (VN) and fibronectin (FN) by immune analysis. Preincubation of \u03b2 -glucan with VN or FN enhanced macrophage activation in response to this cell wall component. Because VN and FN accumulate in the lungs during P. carinii pneumonia, we further investigated hepatic and pulmonary expression of VN and FN messenger RNA during infection. P. carinii pneumonia in rodents is associated with increased hepatic expression of VN and FN as well as increased local expression of FN in the lung. Because interleukin (IL)-6 represents the major regulator of VN and FN expression during inflammatory conditions, we measured macrophage IL-6 release in response to stimulation with P. carinii \u03b2 -glucan. Stimulation of macrophages with P. carinii \u03b2 -glucan induced significant release of IL-6. Elevated concentrations of IL-6 were noted in the blood of infected animals compared with uninfected control animals. These studies indicate that VN and FN bind to \u03b2 -glucan components of P. carinii and augment macrophage inflammatory responses. P. carinii cell wall \u03b2 -glucan stimulates secretion of IL-6 by macrophages, thereby enhancing hepatic synthesis of both VN and FN, and lung synthesis of FN during pneumonia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.25.2.4427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,3]],"date-time":"2013-04-03T21:29:04Z","timestamp":1365024544000},"page":"203-211","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Vitronectin and Fibronectin Function as Glucan Binding Proteins Augmenting Macrophage Responses to\n                    <i>Pneumocystis carinii<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Vassallo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Internal Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodore J.","family":"Kottom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Internal Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph E.","family":"Standing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Internal Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew H.","family":"Limper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Internal Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026030623595274600_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199001183220304","article-title":"The risk of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among men infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1: Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study Group.","volume":"322","author":"Phair","year":"1990","journal-title":"N. 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