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This study tested the hypothesis that chemokine expression patterns were related to upstream cytokine signaling. Using quantitative transcript analysis, we defined expression profiles for 16 chemokines and then examined the in vivo effects of neutralizing antibodies against interferon-\u03b3 (IFN-\u03b3), interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-13. Transcripts for CXCL2, -5, -9, -10, and -11 and the CCL chemokine, CCL3, and lymphotactin (XCL1), were largely enhanced by Th1-related cytokines, IFN-\u03b3 or IL-12. Transcripts for CCL11, CCL22, CCL17, and CCL1 were enhanced largely by Th2-related cytokines, IL-4, IL-10, or IL-13. Transcripts for CCL4, CCL2, CCL8, CCL7, and CCL12 were potentially induced by either Th1- or Th2-related cytokines, although some of these showed biased expression. IFN-\u03b3 and IL-4 enhanced the greatest complement of transcripts, and their neutralization had the greatest anti-inflammatory effect on type-1 and type-2 granulomas, respectively. Th1\/Th2 cross-regulation was evident because endogenous Th2 cytokines inhibited type-1, whereas Th1 cytokines inhibited type-2 biased chemokines. These findings reveal a complex cytokine\u2013chemokine regulatory network that dictates profiles of local chemokine expression during T cell\u2013mediated granuloma formation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2002-0241oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,11]],"date-time":"2003-01-11T23:42:12Z","timestamp":1042328532000},"page":"106-116","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Cytokine\u2013Chemokine Networks in Experimental Mycobacterial and Schistosomal Pulmonary Granuloma Formation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Bo-Chin","family":"Chiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School; and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine M.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School; and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valerie R.","family":"Stolberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School; and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Komuniecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School; and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pamela M.","family":"Lincoln","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School; and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven L.","family":"Kunkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School; and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen W.","family":"Chensue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School; and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026030623504408600_BIB1","first-page":"183","volume":"24","year":"1978","journal-title":"Prog. 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