{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T03:48:22Z","timestamp":1789444102853,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,1]],"date-time":"2004-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1072915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The role of interleukin (IL)-4 in cryptococcal disease was studied in IL-4 knockout (IL-4KO) and wild-type (WT) mice infected with Cryptococcus neoformans isolates that vary widely in their virulence. Delayed-type hypersensitivity responses were reduced in IL-4KO mice following primary infection with either isolate. Splenic T helper 1 (Th1) cytokine responses were increased in the IL-4KO mice infected with the weakly virulent isolate (184A) but did not change during infection with the highly virulent isolate (NU-2). Th2 cytokine responses (IL-5, IL-10) were downregulated in the IL-4KO mice infected with either isolate. Survival after primary infection with either isolate was not influenced by the absence of IL-4. Fewer colony-forming units were found in the lungs of 184A-infected, IL-4KO mice as compared to WT mice, suggesting that some immunity had developed. IL-4KO mice, primed with small doses of cryptococcal antigen (CneF), had significantly enhanced delayed-type hypersensitivity responses after intravenous infection with 184A and were more resistant to infection compared with WT mice. Increased expression of IL-5 with decreased interferon-\u03b3 contributed to the inability of primed WT mice to resist infection with 184A. Enhanced immunity in the primed IL-4KO mice was reflected in a more moderate increase in IL-5 and IL-10 with maintenance of interferon-\u03b3 levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2003-0156oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,14]],"date-time":"2003-07-14T20:21:36Z","timestamp":1058214096000},"page":"109-117","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Role of Interleukin-4 in Resistance to\n                    <i>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/i>\n                    Infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Blackstock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juneann W.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026030623481336700_BIB1"},{"key":"2026030623481336700_BIB2"},{"key":"2026030623481336700_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2854","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.7.2854-2865.1993","volume":"61","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infect. 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