{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T00:17:49Z","timestamp":1772929069232,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,1]],"date-time":"2006-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1141171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Chlamydophila pneumoniae is an important respiratory pathogen. In this study we characterized C. pneumoniae strain TW183-mediated activation of human small airway epithelial cells (SAEC) and the bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B and demonstrated time-dependent secretion of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) upon stimulation. TW183 activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in epithelial cells. Kinase inhibition by SB202190 blocked Chlamydia-mediated GM-CSF release on mRNA and protein levels. In addition, the chemical inhibitor as well as dominant-negative mutants of p38 MAPK isoforms p38\u03b1, \u03b22, and \u03b3 inhibited C. pneumoniae\u2013related NF-\u03baB activation. In contrast, blocking of MAPK ERK, c-Jun kinase\/JNK, or PI-3 Kinase showed no effect on Chlamydia-related epithelial cell GM-CSF release. Ultraviolet-inactivated pathogens as compared with viable bacteria induced a smaller GM-CSF release, suggesting that viable Chlamydiae were only partly required for a full effect. Presence of an antichlamydial outer membrane protein\u2013A (OmpA) antibody reduced and addition of recombinant heat-shock protein 60 from C. pneumoniae (cHsp60, GroEL-1)\u2013enhanced GM-CSF release, suggesting a role of these proteins in epithelial cell activation. Our data demonstrate that C. pneumoniae triggers an early proinflammatory signaling cascade involving p38 MAPK\u2013dependent NF-\u03baB activation, resulting in subsequent GM-CSF release. C. pneumoniae\u2013induced epithelial cytokine liberation may contribute significantly to inflammatory airway diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or bronchial asthma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2004-0157oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,9]],"date-time":"2005-12-09T20:44:39Z","timestamp":1134161079000},"page":"375-382","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Mechanisms of\n                    <i>Chlamydophila pneumoniae<\/i>\n                    \u2013Mediated GM-CSF Release in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Matthias","family":"Kr\u00fcll","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine\/Infectious Diseases, Charit\u00e9, Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; Institute of Microbiology, Heinrich-Heine-University, D\u00fcsseldorf; Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Pain Therapy, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; and SALK Labor, Salzburger Landeskliniken, Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Bockstaller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine\/Infectious Diseases, Charit\u00e9, Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; Institute of Microbiology, Heinrich-Heine-University, D\u00fcsseldorf; Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Pain Therapy, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; and SALK Labor, Salzburger Landeskliniken, Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederik N.","family":"Wuppermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine\/Infectious Diseases, Charit\u00e9, Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; Institute of Microbiology, Heinrich-Heine-University, D\u00fcsseldorf; Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Pain Therapy, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; and SALK Labor, Salzburger Landeskliniken, Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea C.","family":"Klucken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine\/Infectious Diseases, Charit\u00e9, Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; Institute of Microbiology, Heinrich-Heine-University, D\u00fcsseldorf; Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Pain Therapy, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; and SALK Labor, Salzburger Landeskliniken, Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"M\u00fchling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine\/Infectious Diseases, Charit\u00e9, Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; Institute of Microbiology, Heinrich-Heine-University, D\u00fcsseldorf; Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Pain Therapy, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; and SALK Labor, Salzburger Landeskliniken, Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Schmeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine\/Infectious Diseases, Charit\u00e9, Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; Institute of Microbiology, Heinrich-Heine-University, D\u00fcsseldorf; Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Pain Therapy, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; and SALK Labor, Salzburger Landeskliniken, Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Seybold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine\/Infectious Diseases, Charit\u00e9, Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; Institute of Microbiology, Heinrich-Heine-University, D\u00fcsseldorf; Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Pain Therapy, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; and SALK Labor, Salzburger Landeskliniken, Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clemens","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine\/Infectious Diseases, Charit\u00e9, Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; Institute of Microbiology, Heinrich-Heine-University, D\u00fcsseldorf; Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Pain Therapy, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; and SALK Labor, Salzburger Landeskliniken, Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Maass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine\/Infectious Diseases, Charit\u00e9, Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; Institute of Microbiology, Heinrich-Heine-University, D\u00fcsseldorf; Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Pain Therapy, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; and SALK Labor, Salzburger Landeskliniken, Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Rosseau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine\/Infectious Diseases, Charit\u00e9, Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; Institute of Microbiology, Heinrich-Heine-University, D\u00fcsseldorf; Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Pain Therapy, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; and SALK Labor, Salzburger Landeskliniken, Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johannes H.","family":"Hegemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine\/Infectious Diseases, Charit\u00e9, Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; Institute of Microbiology, Heinrich-Heine-University, D\u00fcsseldorf; Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Pain Therapy, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; and SALK Labor, Salzburger Landeskliniken, Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Suttorp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine\/Infectious Diseases, Charit\u00e9, Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; Institute of Microbiology, Heinrich-Heine-University, D\u00fcsseldorf; Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Pain Therapy, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; 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