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The aim was to explore the roles of the different retinoic acid receptors using receptor-selective agonists and to determine whether other natural retinoids in addition to all-trans-retinoic acid (tRA) were effective. Dexamethasone treatment of newborn pups led to a reduced lung surface area and increased mean chord length. Subsequently, tRA induced alveolar repair, improved mean chord length, and improved the lung surface area to volume ratio. We found that 4-oxo-RA and a retinoic acid receptor (RAR) \u03b1-selective compound were as effective as tRA at inducing alveolar regeneration, with neither showing a significantly better efficacy. An RAR\u03b2-selective compound was also effective, whereas a RAR\u03b3-selective compound was not. Other retinoids, such as 9-cis-RA, 13-cis-RA, retinol, and a pan retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonist, do not induce significant responses. Neither did granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. We also showed that an RAR\u03b2-null mutant mouse line responded to dexamethasone by failing to develop alveoli appropriately and that tRA induced alveolar regeneration, suggesting that RAR\u03b2 was not required for the regenerative response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2006-0029oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,30]],"date-time":"2006-03-30T20:59:25Z","timestamp":1143752365000},"page":"260-267","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Retinoids Have Differing Efficacies on Alveolar Regeneration in a Dexamethasone-Treated Mouse"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Malcolm","family":"Maden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United 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