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The delivery of PM to airway epithelial cells has been linked to release of proinflammatory cytokines; however, the mechanisms of PM-induced inflammatory responses are not well-characterized. This study demonstrates that PM induces cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression and IL-6 release through both a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent NF-\u03baB pathway and an ROS-independent C\/EBP\u03b2 pathway in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEpCs) in culture. Treatment of HBEpCs with Baltimore PM induced ROS production, COX-2 expression, and IL-6 release. Pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) or EUK-134, in a dose-dependent manner, attenuated PM-induced ROS production, COX-2 expression, and IL-6 release. The PM-induced ROS was significantly of mitochondrial origin, as evidenced by increased oxidation of the mitochondrially targeted hydroethidine to hydroxyethidium by reaction with superoxide. Exposure of HBEpCs to PM stimulated phosphorylation of NF-\u03baB and C\/EBP\u03b2, while the NF-\u03baB inhibitor, Bay11\u20137082, or C\/EBP\u03b2 siRNA attenuated PM-induced COX-2 expression and IL-6 release. Furthermore, NAC or EUK-134 attenuated PM-induced activation of NF-\u03baB; however, NAC or EUK-134 had no effect on phosphorylation of C\/EBP\u03b2. In addition, inhibition of COX-2 partly attenuated PM-induced Prostaglandin E2 and IL-6 release.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2008-0105oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,10]],"date-time":"2008-07-10T21:43:46Z","timestamp":1215726226000},"page":"19-30","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Regulation of COX-2 Expression and IL-6 Release by Particulate Matter in Airway Epithelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Yutong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter V.","family":"Usatyuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina A.","family":"Gorshkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donghong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Moreno-Vinasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison S.","family":"Geyh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick N.","family":"Breysse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan M.","family":"Samet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernst Wm.","family":"Spannhake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joe G. 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