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The results indicate that NO was toxic to Pc organisms and inhibited their proliferation in culture. When the production of NO was inhibited by intraperitoneal injection of rats with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-N5-(1-iminoethyl) ornithine, progression of Pc infection in immunocompetent rats was enhanced. Concentrations of NO in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from immunosuppressed, Pc-infected rats and mice were greatly reduced, compared with those from uninfected animals, and AMs from these animals were defective in NO production. However, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA and protein concentrations were high in AMs from Pc-infected rats and mice. Immunoblot analysis showed that iNOS in AMs from Pc-infected rats existed primarily as a monomer, but the homo-dimerization of iNOS monomers was required for the production of NO. When iNOS dimerization cofactors, including calmodulin, were added to macrophage lysates, iNOS dimerization increased, whereas incubation of the same lysates with all cofactors except calmodulin did not rescue iNOS dimer formation. These data suggest that NO is important in the defense against Pc infection, but that the production of NO in AMs during PCP is defective because of the reduced dimerization of iNOS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2009-0367oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,17]],"date-time":"2010-06-17T22:29:16Z","timestamp":1276813756000},"page":"540-547","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Defective Nitric Oxide Production by Alveolar Macrophages during\n                    <i>Pneumocystis<\/i>\n                    Pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Mark E.","family":"Lasbury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chung-Ping","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chadi A.","family":"Hage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela J.","family":"Durant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Tschang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shao-Hung","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao-Hung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science and Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026030623212747900_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6443","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.11.6443","volume":"176","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026030623212747900_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119384","volume":"99","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin 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