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However, relatively little is known about the importance of this innate antiviral response to infection. Avian influenza viruses are a potential source of future pandemics; therefore, it is critical to examine the effectiveness of the host antiviral system to different influenza viruses. We used a human influenza (H3N2) and a low-pathogenic avian influenza (H11N9) to assess and compare the antiviral responses of Calu-3 cells. After infection, H3N2 replicated more effectively than the H11N9 in Calu-3 cells. This was not due to differential expression of sialic acid residues on Calu-3 cells, but was attributed to the interference of host antiviral responses by H3N2. H3N2 induced a delayed antiviral signaling and impaired type I and type III IFN induction compared with the H11N9. The gene encoding for nonstructural (NS) 1 protein was transfected into the bronchial epithelial cells (BECs), and the H3N2 NS1 induced a greater inhibition of antiviral responses compared with the H11N9 NS1. Although the low-pathogenic avian influenza virus was capable of infecting BECs, the human influenza virus replicated more effectively than avian influenza virus in BECs, and this was due to a differential ability of the two NS1 proteins to inhibit antiviral responses. This suggests that the subversion of human antiviral responses may be an important requirement for influenza viruses to adapt to the human host and cause disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2010-0157oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,12]],"date-time":"2010-08-12T22:52:09Z","timestamp":1281653529000},"page":"906-913","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Human Influenza Is More Effective than Avian Influenza at Antiviral Suppression in Airway Cells"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Alan Chen-Yu","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease and Hunter Medical Research Institute, the University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Barr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, 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