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Pregnant ewes received intra-amniotic injections of saline or 10 mg LPS, 2 days or 7 days before delivery at 121 days of gestation (term = 150 d). Diaphragm strips were dissected for the assessment of contractile function after terminal anesthesia. The inflammatory cytokine response, myosin heavy chain (MHC) fibers, proteolytic pathways, and intracellular molecular signaling were analyzed using quantitative PCR, ELISA, immunofluorescence staining, biochemical assays, and Western blotting. Diaphragm peak twitch force and maximal tetanic force were approximately 30% lower than control values in the 2-day and 7-day LPS groups. Activation of the NF-\u03baB pathway, an inflammatory response, and increased proteasome activity were observed in the 2-day LPS group relative to the control or 7-day LPS group. No inflammatory response was evident after a 7-day LPS exposure. Seven-day LPS exposure markedly decreased p70S6K phosphorylation, but no effect on other signaling pathways was evident. The proportion of MHC IIa fibers was lower than that for control samples in the 7-day LPS group. MHC I fiber proportions did not differ between groups. These results demonstrate that intrauterine LPS impairs preterm diaphragmatic contractility after 2-day and 7-day exposures. Diaphragm dysfunction, resulting from 2-day LPS exposure, was associated with a transient activation of proinflammatory signaling, with subsequent increased atrophic gene expression and enhanced proteasome activity. Persistently impaired contractility for the 7-day LPS exposure was associated with the down-regulation of a key component of the protein synthetic signaling pathway and a reduction in the proportions of MHC IIa fibers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2013-0107oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,24]],"date-time":"2013-06-24T15:25:24Z","timestamp":1372087524000},"page":"866-874","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["<i>In Utero<\/i>\n                    LPS Exposure Impairs Preterm Diaphragm Contractility"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Yong","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Anatomy, Physiology, and Human Biology, and"},{"name":"Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kanakeswary","family":"Karisnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Anatomy, Physiology, and Human Biology, and"},{"name":"Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter B.","family":"Noble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Anatomy, Physiology, and Human Biology, and"},{"name":"Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clare A.","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Anatomy, Physiology, and Human Biology, and"},{"name":"Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Lavin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Anatomy, Physiology, and Human Biology, and"},{"name":"Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy J. 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