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Chlorine inhalation elevated chlorine reactants, such as chlorotyrosine and chloramine, in blood plasma. Using heart tissue and primary cardiomyocytes, we demonstrated that acute high-concentration chlorine exposure in vivo (500 ppm for 30 min) caused decreased total ATP content and loss of sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) activity. Loss of SERCA activity was attributed to chlorination of tyrosine residues and oxidation of an important cysteine residue, cysteine-674, in SERCA, as demonstrated by immunoblots and mass spectrometry. Using cardiomyocytes, we found that chlorine-induced cell death and damage to SERCA could be decreased by thiocyanate, an important biological antioxidant, and by genetic SERCA2 overexpression. We also investigated a U.S. Food and Drug Administration\u2013approved drug, ranolazine, used in treatment of cardiac diseases, and previously shown to stabilize SERCA in animal models of ischemia\u2013reperfusion. Pretreatment with ranolazine or istaroxime, another SERCA activator, prevented chlorine-induced cardiomyocyte death. Further investigation of responsible mechanisms showed that ranolazine- and istaroxime-treated cells preserved mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP after chlorine exposure. Thus, these studies demonstrate a novel critical target for chlorine in the heart and identify potentially useful therapies to mitigate toxicity of acute chlorine exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2014-0005oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,4]],"date-time":"2014-09-04T23:24:09Z","timestamp":1409873049000},"page":"492-502","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Sarcoendoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ ATPase. A Critical Target in Chlorine Inhalation\u2013Induced Cardiotoxicity"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Shama","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Airway Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aftab","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Airway Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara B.","family":"Hendry-Hofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Airway Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan E.","family":"Loader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Airway Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, 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