{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:16:21Z","timestamp":1787235381030,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]],"date-time":"2015-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Aspergillus fumigatus (AF) is often pathogenic in immune-deficient individuals and can cause life-threatening infections such as invasive aspergillosis. The pulmonary epithelial response to AF infection and the signaling pathways associated with it have not been completely studied. BEAS-2B cells or primary human bronchial epithelial cells were exposed to extracts of AF and challenged with IFN-\u03b2 or the Toll-like receptor 3 agonist double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Cytokine release (B-cell activating factor of the TNF family [BAFF], IFN-\u03b3\u2013induced protein-10 [IP-10], etc.) was assessed. AF extract was separated into low-molecular-weight (LMW) and high-molecular-weight (HMW) fractions using ultra 4 centrifugal force filters to characterize the activity. Real-time PCR was performed with a TaqMan method, and protein estimation was performed using ELISA techniques. Western blot was performed to assess phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1). IFN-\u03b2 and dsRNA induced messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of BAFF (350- and 452-fold, respectively [n\u2009=\u20093]) and IP-10 (1,081- and 3,044-fold, respectively [n\u2009=\u20093]) in BEAS-2B cells. When cells were pretreated with AF extract for 1 hour and then stimulated with IFN-\u03b2 or dsRNA for 6 hours, induction of BAFF and IP-10 mRNA was strongly suppressed relative to levels produced by IFN-\u03b2 and dsRNA alone. When compared with control, soluble BAFF and IP-10 protein levels were maximally suppressed in dsRNA-stimulated wells treated with 1:320 wt\/vol AF extract (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.005). Upon molecular size fractionation, a LMW fraction of AF extract had no measurable suppressive effect on IP-10 mRNA expression. However, a HMW fraction of the AF extract significantly suppressed IP-10 expression in BEAS-2B cells that were stimulated with dsRNA or IFN-\u03b2. When BEAS-2B cells were pretreated with AF extract and then stimulated with IFN-\u03b2, reduced levels of pSTAT1 were observed, with maximum suppression at 4 and 6 hours. Our results show that AF extracts suppressed expression of inflammatory cytokines in association with inhibition of the IFN-\u03b2 signaling pathway and suppression of the formation of pSTAT1.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2014-0333oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,4]],"date-time":"2014-12-04T15:57:28Z","timestamp":1417708648000},"page":"87-95","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Suppression of Epithelial Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 Activation by Extracts of\n                    <i>Aspergillus fumigatus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Bharat","family":"Bhushan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Ann & Robert H. 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