{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T10:23:23Z","timestamp":1791195803500,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]],"date-time":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A major cause of death after influenza virus infection is lung injury due to a bacterial superinfection, yet the mechanism is unknown. Death has been attributed to virus-induced immunosuppression and bacterial overgrowth, but this hypothesis is based on data from the preantibiotic era and animal models that omit antimicrobial therapy. Because of diagnostic uncertainty, most patients with influenza receive antibiotics, making bacterial overgrowth unlikely. Respiratory failure after superinfection presents as acute respiratory distress syndrome, a disorder characterized by lung microvascular leak and edema. The objective of this study was to determine whether the influenza virus sensitizes the lung endothelium to leak upon exposure to circulating bacterial\u2013derived molecular patterns from Staphylococcus aureus. In vitro as well as in vivo models of influenza followed by S. aureus superinfection were used. Molecular mechanisms were explored using molecular biology, knockout mice, and human autopsy specimens. Influenza virus infection sensitized human lung endothelium to leak when challenged with S. aureus, even at low doses of influenza and even when the pathogens were given days apart. Influenza virus increased endothelial expression of TNFR1 both in vitro and in intact lungs, a finding corroborated by human autopsy specimens of patients with influenza. Leak was recapitulated with protein A, a TNFR1 ligand, and sequential infection caused protein A\u2013dependent loss of I\u03baB, cleavage of caspases 8 and 3, and lung endothelial apoptosis. Mice infected sequentially with influenza virus and S. aureus developed significantly increased lung edema that was protein A and TNFR1 dependent. Influenza virus primes the lung endothelium to leak, predisposing patients to acute respiratory distress syndrome upon exposure to S. aureus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2014-0373oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,18]],"date-time":"2015-02-18T12:32:14Z","timestamp":1424262734000},"page":"459-470","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Influenza-Induced Priming and Leak of Human Lung Microvascular Endothelium upon Exposure to\n                    <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Changsen","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science at St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan M.","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science at St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael G.","family":"Sugiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science at St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arata","family":"Tabuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science at St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrienn","family":"Krauszman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science at St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang M.","family":"Kuebler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science at St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendan","family":"Mullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Advani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science at St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Advani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science at St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Warren L.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science at St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.07.025","article-title":"Pathology of human influenza revisited","volume":"26","author":"Kuiken","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1086\/591708","article-title":"Predominant role of bacterial pneumonia as a cause of death in pandemic influenza: implications for pandemic influenza preparedness","volume":"198","author":"Morens","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195903122601101","article-title":"Clinicopathologic study of thirty-three fatal cases of Asian influenza","volume":"260","author":"Oseasohn","year":"1959","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1959.00270040018002","article-title":"Asian influenza A in Boston, 1957\u20131958. II. Severe staphylococcal pneumonia complicating influenza","volume":"103","author":"Martin","year":"1959","journal-title":"AMA Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8705","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008705","article-title":"Community-acquired pneumonia due to pandemic A(H1N1)2009 influenzavirus and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus co-infection","volume":"5","author":"Murray","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.119.6.1717","article-title":"Influenza pneumonia: a descriptive study","volume":"119","author":"Oliveira","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1086\/430424","article-title":"A national survey of severe influenza-associated complications among children and adults, 2003\u20132004","volume":"40","author":"Podewils","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3102","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01943-06","article-title":"Filamentous influenza A virus infection predisposes mice to fatal septicemia following superinfection with Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3","volume":"75","author":"Speshock","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI35412","article-title":"Type I IFNs mediate development of postinfluenza bacterial pneumonia in mice","volume":"119","author":"Shahangian","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI103791","article-title":"Studies on influenza in the pandemic of 1957\u20131958. II. Pulmonary complications of influenza","volume":"38","author":"Louria","year":"1959","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1086\/523584","article-title":"Antiviral therapy and outcomes of influenza requiring hospitalization in Ontario, Canada","volume":"45","author":"McGeer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-1861","article-title":"The occurrence and impact of bacterial organisms complicating critical care illness associated with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) infection","volume":"144","author":"Muscedere","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1536","article-title":"Critically Ill patients with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) in Mexico","volume":"302","author":"Dom\u00ednguez-Cherit","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib14","first-page":"2526","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin definition","volume":"307","author":"Ranieri","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-15784","article-title":"Ventilator-induced lung injury and recommendations for mechanical ventilation of patients with ARDS","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.21.3.367","article-title":"A morphometric study on the thickness of the pulmonary air\u2013blood barrier","volume":"21","author":"Weibel","year":"1964","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.090209","article-title":"Functions of type II pneumocyte\u2013derived vascular endothelial growth factor in alveolar structure, acute inflammation, and vascular permeability","volume":"176","author":"Mura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pathmechdis.3.121806.154316","article-title":"The pathology of influenza virus infections","volume":"3","author":"Taubenberger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0882-4010(95)90290-2","article-title":"Viremia induced by influenza virus","volume":"19","author":"Mori","year":"1995","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib20","first-page":"A4980","article-title":"Influenza primes human lung microvascular endothelium to leak upon exposure to Staphylococcus aureus [abstract]","volume":"187","author":"Armstrong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.165.7.2105078","article-title":"Ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"165","author":"Chastre","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R759","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00293.2004","article-title":"The viral mimic, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, induces fever in rats via an interleukin-1\u2013dependent mechanism","volume":"287","author":"Fortier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.3.521-540.2005","article-title":"Recognition of Staphylococcus aureus by the innate immune system","volume":"18","author":"Fournier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1782","article-title":"Activation of innate immune antiviral responses by Nod2","volume":"10","author":"Sabbah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2638","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01320-06","article-title":"Enhancement of macrophage stimulation by lipoteichoic acid and the costimulant hemoglobin is dependent on Toll-like receptors 2 and 4","volume":"75","author":"Cox","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1079","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus protein A induces airway epithelial inflammatory responses by activating TNFR1","volume":"10","author":"G\u00f3mez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1317181111","article-title":"Release of protein A from the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"111","author":"Becker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42386","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042386","article-title":"A key role for the endothelium in NOD1 mediated vascular inflammation: comparison to TLR4 responses","volume":"7","author":"Gatheral","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000500","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000500","article-title":"NOD2, RIP2 and IRF5 play a critical role in the type I interferon response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"5","author":"Pandey","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1009-1053","article-title":"Beyond peptidoglycan for Nod2","volume":"10","author":"Murray","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200737393","article-title":"RIP2 contributes to Nod signaling but is not essential for T cell proliferation, T helper differentiation or TLR responses","volume":"38","author":"Hall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr043","article-title":"Modulation of virulence gene expression by cell wall active antibiotics in Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"66","author":"Subrt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3942","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900729","article-title":"A critical role for hemolysins and bacterial lipoproteins in Staphylococcus aureus\u2013induced activation of the Nlrp3 inflammasome","volume":"183","author":"Mu\u00f1oz-Planillo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03526.x","article-title":"Autoinduction and signal transduction in the regulation of staphylococcal virulence","volume":"48","author":"Novick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00521-X","article-title":"Induction of TNF receptor I\u2013mediated apoptosis via two sequential signaling complexes","volume":"114","author":"Micheau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2109004","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and angiostatin are mediators of endothelial cytotoxicity in bronchoalveolar lavages of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"166","author":"Hamacher","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.186.11.1831","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide induces disseminated endothelial apoptosis requiring ceramide generation","volume":"186","author":"Haimovitz-Friedman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47323","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047323","article-title":"Influenza infects lung microvascular endothelium leading to microvascular leak: role of apoptosis and claudin-5","volume":"7","author":"Armstrong","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20071393","article-title":"Divergent roles of endothelial NF-kappaB in multiple organ injury and bacterial clearance in mouse models of sepsis","volume":"205","author":"Ye","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2010.09.002","article-title":"Bacteremia in Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia: outcomes and epidemiology","volume":"26","author":"Schreiber","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.114.5.1059","article-title":"Molecular and cellular properties of PECAM-1 (endoCAM\/CD31): a novel vascular cell\u2013cell adhesion molecule","volume":"114","author":"Albelda","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.186.9.1591","article-title":"Antiviral activity of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is mediated via p55 and p75 TNF receptors","volume":"186","author":"Ruby","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-010-0935-x","article-title":"Epidemiology of influenza-associated hospitalization in adults, Toronto, 2007\/8","volume":"29","author":"Kuster","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3231","article-title":"The co-pathogenesis of influenza viruses with bacteria in the lung","volume":"12","author":"McCullers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050333","article-title":"Incidence and outcomes of acute lung injury","volume":"353","author":"Rubenfeld","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12947","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00468-09","article-title":"Hemagglutinin-dependent tropism of H5N1 avian influenza virus for human endothelial cells","volume":"83","author":"Oca\u00f1a-Macchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.21.1.114-123.1978","article-title":"Pulmonary infection of mice with Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"21","author":"DeMaria","year":"1978","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.114.2.237","article-title":"The influence of influenza virus infection on exogenous staphylococcal and endogenous murine bacterial infection of the bronchopulmonary tissues of mice","volume":"114","author":"Sellers","year":"1961","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq113","article-title":"Influenza virus primes mice for pneumonia from Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"203","author":"Iverson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1086\/499632","article-title":"Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in the United States, 2001\u20132002","volume":"193","author":"Kuehnert","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.3.1733","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus induces TLR3 protein and protein kinase R, leading to increased double-stranded RNA responsiveness in airway epithelial cells","volume":"176","author":"Groskreutz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.05.006","article-title":"Viral infection augments Nod1\/2 signaling to potentiate lethality associated with secondary bacterial infections","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.6.2243-2249.1997","article-title":"Regulation of protein A synthesis by the sar and agr loci of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"65","author":"Cheung","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2005.048397","article-title":"High incidence of pulmonary bacterial co-infection in children with severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis","volume":"61","author":"Thorburn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L899","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00338.2002","article-title":"Mechanisms of bacterial lipopolysaccharide\u2013induced endothelial apoptosis","volume":"284","author":"Bannerman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35371","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.52.35371","article-title":"Bacterial lipopolysaccharide disrupts endothelial monolayer integrity and survival signaling events through caspase cleavage of adherens junction proteins","volume":"273","author":"Bannerman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib57","first-page":"710","article-title":"IL-6 increases endothelial permeability in vitro","volume":"131","author":"Maruo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1999.01052.x","article-title":"Release of CXC-chemokines by human lung microvascular endothelial cells (LMVEC) compared with macrovascular umbilical vein endothelial cells","volume":"118","author":"Beck","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L460","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00249.2001","article-title":"GM-CSF expression by human lung microvascular endothelial cells: in vitro and in vivo findings","volume":"283","author":"Burg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.08.015","article-title":"Endothelial cells are central orchestrators of cytokine amplification during influenza virus infection","volume":"146","author":"Teijaro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026021122340812400_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1097\/MOH.0b013e328345a3d1","article-title":"Endothelial activation, dysfunction and permeability during severe infections","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Hematol"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrcmb\/article-pdf\/53\/4\/459\/66833064\/ajrcmb_53_4_459.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrcmb\/article-pdf\/53\/4\/459\/66833064\/ajrcmb_53_4_459.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T03:36:16Z","timestamp":1770867376000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrcmb\/article\/53\/4\/459\/8467900"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1165\/rcmb.2014-0373oc","relation":{},"ISSN":["1044-1549","1535-4989"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1044-1549","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-4989","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]]}}}