{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T01:48:41Z","timestamp":1789177721228,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]],"date-time":"2016-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The lipid composition of pulmonary surfactant is unlike that of any other body fluid. This extracellular lipid reservoir is also uniquely susceptible by virtue of its direct and continuous exposure to environmental oxidants, inflammatory agents, and pathogens. Historically, the greatest attention has been focused on those biophysical features of surfactant that serve to reduce surface tension at the air\u2013liquid interface. More recently, surfactant lipids have also been recognized as bioactive molecules that maintain immune quiescence in the lung but can also be remodeled by the inhaled environment into neolipids that mediate key roles in inflammation, immunity, and fibrosis. This review focuses on the roles in inflammatory and infectious lung disease of two classes of native surfactant lipids, glycerophospholipids and sterols, and their corresponding oxidized species, oxidized glycerophospholipids and oxysterols. We highlight evidence that surfactant composition is sensitive to circulating lipoproteins and that the lipid milieu of the alveolus should thus be recognized as susceptible to diet and common systemic metabolic disorders. We also discuss intriguing evidence suggesting that oxidized surfactant lipids may represent an evolutionary link between immunity and tissue homeostasis that arose in the primordial lung. Taken together, the emerging picture is one in which the unique environmental susceptibility of the lung, together with its unique extracellular lipid requirements, may have made this organ both an evolutionary hub and an engine for lipid-immune cross-talk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2016-0011ps","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,9]],"date-time":"2016-02-09T16:24:42Z","timestamp":1455035082000},"page":"624-635","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":141,"title":["Surfactant Lipids at the Host\u2013Environment Interface. Metabolic Sensors, Suppressors, and Effectors of Inflammatory Lung Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Michael B.","family":"Fessler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross S.","family":"Summer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Translational Medicine and Jane and Leonard Korman Lung Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2011.08.019","article-title":"Surfactant and its role in the pathobiology of pulmonary infection","volume":"14","author":"Glasser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201411-507FR","article-title":"The role of surfactant in lung disease and host defense against pulmonary infections","volume":"12","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2009.2597","article-title":"Generation and biological activities of oxidized phospholipids","volume":"12","author":"Bochkov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2014.12.018","article-title":"Identification of oxidized phospholipids in bronchoalveolar lavage exposed to low ozone levels using multivariate analysis","volume":"474","author":"Almstrand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(01)00306-3","article-title":"A comparison of the molecular species compositions of mammalian lung surfactant phospholipids","volume":"129","author":"Postle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2012.09.010","article-title":"Surfactant phospholipid metabolism","volume":"1831","author":"Agassandian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1586\/ers.12.21","article-title":"Anionic pulmonary surfactant lipid regulation of innate immunity","volume":"6","author":"Numata","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-012513-104644","article-title":"Diseases of pulmonary surfactant homeostasis","volume":"10","author":"Whitsett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.60.041807.123500","article-title":"Alveolar surfactant homeostasis and the pathogenesis of pulmonary disease","volume":"61","author":"Whitsett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.4.1283","article-title":"Altered airway surfactant phospholipid composition and reduced lung function in asthma","volume":"89","author":"Wright","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25488","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.040832","article-title":"Anionic pulmonary surfactant phospholipids inhibit inflammatory responses from alveolar macrophages and U937 cells by binding the lipopolysaccharide-interacting proteins CD14 and MD-2","volume":"284","author":"Kuronuma","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2015-0128PS","article-title":"Alveolar development and disease","volume":"53","author":"Whitsett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00995.2006","article-title":"Alveolar macrophage depletion is associated with increased surfactant pool sizes in adult rats","volume":"103","author":"Forbes","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2010.02.017","article-title":"The molecular basis of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis","volume":"135","author":"Carey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2303.2009.00677.x","article-title":"Cut-off values and significance of Oil Red O-positive cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid","volume":"21","author":"Basset-L\u00e9obon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cytopathology"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2014-0343OC","article-title":"A pneumocyte-macrophage paracrine lipid axis drives the lung toward fibrosis","volume":"53","author":"Romero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00216914","article-title":"Disruption of pulmonary lipid homeostasis drives cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation in mice","volume":"46","author":"Morissette","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib18","first-page":"197","article-title":"Interaction of lipoproteins with type II pneumocytes in vitro: morphological studies, uptake kinetics and secretion rate of cholesterol","volume":"74","author":"Guthmann","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Cell Biol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119370","article-title":"Very low density lipoproteins stimulate surfactant lipid synthesis in vitro","volume":"99","author":"Mallampalli","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4256","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.9.4256","article-title":"Low density lipoprotein- and high density lipoprotein-mediated signal transduction and exocytosis in alveolar type II cells","volume":"90","author":"Voyno-Yasenetskaya","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2760(79)90183-8","article-title":"Surfactant cholesterol metabolism of the isolated perfused rat lung","volume":"573","author":"Hass","year":"1979","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L310","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00021.2002","article-title":"Maternal loading with very low-density lipoproteins stimulates fetal surfactant synthesis","volume":"283","author":"Ryan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)37366-1","article-title":"Rates of sterol synthesis and uptake in the major organs of the rat in vivo","volume":"22","author":"Turley","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0b013e32832fa58d","article-title":"Circulating oxidized LDL: a biomarker and a pathogenic factor","volume":"20","author":"Ishigaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37032","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M304316200","article-title":"Oxidized lipoproteins inhibit surfactant phosphatidylcholine synthesis via calpain-mediated cleavage of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase","volume":"278","author":"Zhou","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21577","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M412409200","article-title":"Oxysterols inhibit phosphatidylcholine synthesis via ERK docking and phosphorylation of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase","volume":"280","author":"Agassandian","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2004-0038OC","article-title":"Oxysterols trigger ABCA1-mediated basolateral surfactant efflux","volume":"31","author":"Agassandian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(80)90075-X","article-title":"Altered surfactant synthesis and function in rats with diet-induced hyperlipidemia","volume":"29","author":"Baritussio","year":"1980","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2014-0127OC","article-title":"Chronic alcohol ingestion in rats alters lung metabolism, promotes lipid accumulation, and impairs alveolar macrophage functions","volume":"51","author":"Romero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI1396","article-title":"Chronic ethanol ingestion impairs alveolar type II cell glutathione homeostasis and function and predisposes to endotoxin-mediated acute edematous lung injury in rats","volume":"101","author":"Holguin","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02536099","article-title":"Fatty acid composition of lung, macrophage and surfactant phospholipids after short-term enteral feeding with n-3 lipids","volume":"29","author":"Palombo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib32","first-page":"475","article-title":"Pulmonary surfactant obtained from starved rats enhances phagocytosis of alveolar macrophages","volume":"37","author":"Sakai","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(99)00139-2","article-title":"HDL is the major source of vitamin E for type II pneumocytes","volume":"27","author":"Kolleck","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.153.1.8542113","article-title":"Surfactant alterations in severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and cardiogenic lung edema","volume":"153","author":"G\u00fcnther","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1186\/rr86","article-title":"Surfactant alteration and replacement in acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"2","author":"G\u00fcnther","year":"2001","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.1.9903029","article-title":"Alteration of fatty acid profiles in different pulmonary surfactant phospholipids in acute respiratory distress syndrome and severe pneumonia","volume":"163","author":"Schmidt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20061364","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa and sPLA2 IB stimulate ABCA1-mediated phospholipid efflux via ERK-activation of PPAR\u03b1-RXR","volume":"403","author":"Agassandian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0854.2007.00641.x","article-title":"Human adenovirus modulates surfactant phospholipid trafficking","volume":"8","author":"Miakotina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.192377","article-title":"LPS impairs phospholipid synthesis by triggering \u03b2-transducin repeat-containing protein (\u03b2-TrCP)-mediated polyubiquitination and degradation of the surfactant enzyme acyl-CoA:lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase I (LPCAT1)","volume":"286","author":"Zou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.1999.14c14.x","article-title":"Surfactant abnormalities in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis and sarcoidosis","volume":"14","author":"G\u00fcnther","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.11.011","article-title":"Changes in pulmonary surfactant function and composition in bleomycin-induced pneumonitis and fibrosis","volume":"195","author":"Schmidt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2213","article-title":"Dynamic regulation of cardiolipin by the lipid pump Atp8b1 determines the severity of lung injury in experimental pneumonia","volume":"16","author":"Ray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2005.045443","article-title":"Infectious origin of the antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"65","author":"Shoenfeld","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2012.02.001","article-title":"Crosstalk between reverse cholesterol transport and innate immunity","volume":"23","author":"Azzam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24309","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.38.24309","article-title":"Phosphatidylinositides bind to plasma membrane CD14 and can prevent monocyte activation by bacterial lipopolysaccharide","volume":"273","author":"Wang","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44205","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M306735200","article-title":"Treponemal phospholipids inhibit innate immune responses induced by pathogen-associated molecular patterns","volume":"278","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.2.1091","article-title":"Phospholipids inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cell activation: a role for LPS-binding protein","volume":"174","author":"Mueller","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7841","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.170241","article-title":"Pulmonary surfactant phosphatidylglycerol inhibits Mycoplasma pneumoniae-stimulated eicosanoid production from human and mouse macrophages","volume":"286","author":"Kandasamy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ra95","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aaa6179","article-title":"Dichotomous roles for externalized cardiolipin in extracellular signaling: promotion of phagocytosis and attenuation of innate immunity","volume":"8","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Signal"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M000513","article-title":"Surfactant lipids regulate LPS-induced interleukin-8 production in A549 lung epithelial cells by inhibiting translocation of TLR4 into lipid raft domains","volume":"51","author":"Abate","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2001.01479.x","article-title":"Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine modulates inflammatory functions of monocytic cells independently of mitogen activated protein kinases","volume":"124","author":"Tonks","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1202601","article-title":"Regulation of platelet-activating factor synthesis in human monocytes by dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine","volume":"74","author":"Tonks","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.03.052","article-title":"DPPC regulates COX-2 expression in monocytes via phosphorylation of CREB","volume":"370","author":"Morris","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1070","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00386.2004","article-title":"Surfactant phospholipid DPPC downregulates monocyte respiratory burst via modulation of PKC","volume":"288","author":"Tonks","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3818","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.9.3818-3826.1996","article-title":"Group B streptococcal \u03b2-hemolysin expression is associated with injury of lung epithelial cells","volume":"64","author":"Nizet","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1086\/338475","article-title":"Group B streptococcal \u03b2-hemolysin\/cytolysin promotes invasion of human lung epithelial cells and the release of interleukin-8","volume":"185","author":"Doran","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4858","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.8.4858-4866.2003","article-title":"Binding of adenovirus capsid to dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine provides a novel pathway for virus entry","volume":"77","author":"Balakireva","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11496","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.17.11496-11500.2005","article-title":"Enhancement of enveloped virus entry by phosphatidylserine","volume":"79","author":"Coil","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155164","article-title":"Vaccinia virus uses macropinocytosis and apoptotic mimicry to enter host cells","volume":"320","author":"Mercer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17517","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909376106","article-title":"Appraising the apoptotic mimicry model and the role of phospholipids for poxvirus entry","volume":"106","author":"Laliberte","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909361107","article-title":"Pulmonary surfactant phosphatidylglycerol inhibits respiratory syncytial virus-induced inflammation and infection","volume":"107","author":"Numata","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M037077","article-title":"Phosphatidylglycerol provides short-term prophylaxis against respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"54","author":"Numata","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2011-0194OC","article-title":"Phosphatidylglycerol suppresses influenza A virus infection","volume":"46","author":"Numata","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M055723","article-title":"Phosphatidylinositol inhibits respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"56","author":"Numata","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI111537","article-title":"Characterization of the extracellular bactericidal factors of rat alveolar lining material","volume":"74","author":"Coonrod","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27155","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M704408200","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of phosphatidylcholine","volume":"282","author":"Treede","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3464","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00037-08","article-title":"Hypercholesterolemia impairs immunity to tuberculosis","volume":"76","author":"Martens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903501","article-title":"Dyslipidemia induces opposing effects on intrapulmonary and extrapulmonary host defense through divergent TLR response phenotypes","volume":"185","author":"Madenspacher","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L936","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.90625.2008","article-title":"Lung environment determines unique phenotype of alveolar macrophages","volume":"296","author":"Guth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.130.6.2589","article-title":"Effect of rat alveolar lining material on macrophage receptors","volume":"130","author":"Coonrod","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13597","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.21.13597","article-title":"Structural identification by mass spectrometry of oxidized phospholipids in minimally oxidized low density lipoprotein that induce monocyte\/endothelial interactions and evidence for their presence in vivo","volume":"272","author":"Watson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2007.04.009","article-title":"Oxidized phospholipids: from molecular properties to disease","volume":"1772","author":"Fruhwirth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L399","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00261.2011","article-title":"Pulmonary T cell activation in response to chronic particulate air pollution","volume":"302","author":"Deiuliis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-011-9331-2","article-title":"Oxidized phospholipid, 1-palmitoyl-2-(9\u2032-oxo-nonanoyl)-glycerophosphocholine (PON-GPC), produced in the lung due to cigarette smoking, impairs immune function in macrophages","volume":"190","author":"Kimura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2012.08.076","article-title":"Oxidized phospholipids impair pulmonary antibacterial defenses: evidence in mice exposed to cigarette smoke","volume":"426","author":"Thimmulappa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.02.043","article-title":"Identification of oxidative stress and Toll-like receptor 4 signaling as a key pathway of acute lung injury","volume":"133","author":"Imai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12118","article-title":"The TLR4 antagonist Eritoran protects mice from lethal influenza infection","volume":"497","author":"Shirey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3252","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000147232.75456.B3","article-title":"D-4F, an apolipoprotein A-I mimetic peptide, inhibits the inflammatory response induced by influenza A infection of human type II pneumocytes","volume":"110","author":"Van Lenten","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-004-2525-0","article-title":"Oxidized phosphatidylcholine in alveolar macrophages in idiopathic interstitial pneumonias","volume":"183","author":"Yoshimi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7342","DOI":"10.1021\/nn202201j","article-title":"Global phospholipidomics analysis reveals selective pulmonary peroxidation profiles upon inhalation of single-walled carbon nanotubes","volume":"5","author":"Tyurina","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1667\/RR2297.1","article-title":"Oxidative lipidomics of \u03b3-radiation-induced lung injury: mass spectrometric characterization of cardiolipin and phosphatidylserine peroxidation","volume":"175","author":"Tyurina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L73","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00035.2010","article-title":"Oxidative lipidomics of hyperoxic acute lung injury: mass spectrometric characterization of cardiolipin and phosphatidylserine peroxidation","volume":"299","author":"Tyurina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370802603789","article-title":"Antioxidant responses to acute ozone challenge in the healthy human airway","volume":"21","author":"Behndig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29968","article-title":"Protection against inhaled oxidants through scavenging of oxidized lipids by macrophage receptors MARCO and SR-AI\/II","volume":"117","author":"Dahl","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5637","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400606","article-title":"ABCG1 is required for pulmonary B-1 B cell and natural antibody homeostasis","volume":"193","author":"Baldan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2917","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI34189","article-title":"Host-derived oxidized phospholipids and HDL regulate innate immunity in human leprosy","volume":"118","author":"Cruz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0959-9673.2004.00401.x","article-title":"Induction of macrophage scavenger receptor MARCO in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis indicates possible involvement of endotoxin in its pathogenic process","volume":"85","author":"Yoshimatsu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Exp Pathol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.08.026","article-title":"Oxidized phospholipid-induced inflammation is mediated by Toll-like receptor 2","volume":"51","author":"Kadl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1021\/tx010183i","article-title":"Oxidized phospholipids derived from ozone-treated lung surfactant extract reduce macrophage and epithelial cell viability","volume":"15","author":"Uhlson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24748","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M800352200","article-title":"Oxidized phospholipid inhibition of toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is restricted to TLR2 and TLR4: roles for CD14, LPS-binding protein, and MD2 as targets for specificity of inhibition","volume":"283","author":"Erridge","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L808","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00220.2003","article-title":"Inhibition of LPS- and CpG DNA-induced TNF-\u03b1 response by oxidized phospholipids","volume":"286","author":"Ma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000079340.80744.B8","article-title":"Specific phospholipid oxidation products inhibit ligand activation of toll-like receptors 4 and 2","volume":"23","author":"Walton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M600060-JLR200","article-title":"A role for neutral sphingomyelinase activation in the inhibition of LPS action by phospholipid oxidation products","volume":"47","author":"Walton","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201404702","article-title":"Phospholipid oxidation generates potent anti-inflammatory lipid mediators that mimic structurally related pro-resolving eicosanoids by activating Nrf2","volume":"7","author":"Bretscher","year":"2015","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7706","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903594","article-title":"Oxidized phospholipids are more potent antagonists of lipopolysaccharide than inducers of inflammation","volume":"185","author":"Oskolkova","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000207394.39249.fc","article-title":"Identification of prostaglandin E2 receptor subtype 2 as a receptor activated by OxPAPC","volume":"98","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41651","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.405407","article-title":"Novel keto-phospholipids are generated by monocytes and macrophages, detected in cystic fibrosis, and activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-\u03b3","volume":"287","author":"Hammond","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2014.12.009","article-title":"Cholesterol-mediated surfactant dysfunction is mitigated by surfactant protein A","volume":"1848","author":"Hiansen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2009.12.003","article-title":"Methyl-\u03b2-cyclodextrin restores the structure and function of pulmonary surfactant films impaired by cholesterol","volume":"1798","author":"Gunasekara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L117","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00218.2009","article-title":"Role of cholesterol in the biophysical dysfunction of surfactant in ventilator-induced lung injury","volume":"298","author":"Vockeroth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29401","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M606597200","article-title":"Deletion of the transmembrane transporter ABCG1 results in progressive pulmonary lipidosis","volume":"281","author":"Bald\u00e1n","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3560","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.5.3560","article-title":"Loss of ABCG1 results in chronic pulmonary inflammation","volume":"180","author":"Bald\u00e1n","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L980","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00234.2005","article-title":"Pulmonary abnormalities due to ABCA1 deficiency in mice","volume":"289","author":"Bates","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)33383-6","article-title":"Elimination of cholesterol as cholestenoic acid in human lung by sterol 27-hydroxylase: evidence that most of this steroid in the circulation is of pulmonary origin","volume":"40","author":"Babiker","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.02.032","article-title":"Apoptosis induced by ozone and oxysterols in human alveolar epithelial cells","volume":"48","author":"Kosmider","year":"2010","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26331","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M403581200","article-title":"Formation of biologically active oxysterols during ozonolysis of cholesterol present in lung surfactant","volume":"279","author":"Pulfer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2012.02136.x","article-title":"Increased 25-hydroxycholesterol concentrations in the lungs of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"17","author":"Sugiura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-2091","article-title":"Increase of 27-hydroxycholesterol in the airways of patients with COPD: possible role of 27-hydroxycholesterol in tissue fibrosis","volume":"142","author":"Kikuchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0610318","article-title":"Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase production by dendritic cells and macrophages is regulated by type I interferons","volume":"88","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-13-63","article-title":"25-Hydroxycholesterol enhances cytokine release and Toll-like receptor 3 response in airway epithelial cells","volume":"13","author":"Koarai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10666","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1404271111","article-title":"25-Hydroxycholesterol acts as an amplifier of inflammatory signaling","volume":"111","author":"Gold","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16764","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909142106","article-title":"25-Hydroxycholesterol secreted by macrophages in response to Toll-like receptor activation suppresses immunoglobulin A production","volume":"106","author":"Bauman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20130440","article-title":"The oxysterol-CXCR2 axis plays a key role in the recruitment of tumor-promoting neutrophils","volume":"210","author":"Raccosta","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1254790","article-title":"Inflammation. 25-Hydroxycholesterol suppresses interleukin-1-driven inflammation downstream of type I interferon","volume":"345","author":"Reboldi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00757","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.00757","article-title":"EBI2-mediated bridging channel positioning supports splenic dendritic cell homeostasis and particulate antigen capture","volume":"2","author":"Yi","year":"2013","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2555","article-title":"The chemotactic receptor EBI2 regulates the homeostasis, localization and immunological function of splenic dendritic cells","volume":"14","author":"Gatto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.06.015","article-title":"Oxysterol gradient generation by lymphoid stromal cells guides activated B cell movement during humoral responses","volume":"37","author":"Yi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10280","article-title":"Oxysterols direct immune cell migration via EBI2","volume":"475","author":"Hannedouche","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10226","article-title":"Oxysterols direct B-cell migration through EBI2","volume":"475","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.2013.806490","article-title":"Targeting liver X receptors in inflammation","volume":"17","author":"Steffensen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Targets"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3305","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.5.3305","article-title":"Effects of liver X receptor agonist treatment on pulmonary inflammation and host defense","volume":"180","author":"Smoak","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.11.005","article-title":"Interferon-inducible cholesterol-25-hydroxylase broadly inhibits viral entry by production of 25-hydroxycholesterol","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.11.004","article-title":"The transcription factor STAT-1 couples macrophage synthesis of 25-hydroxycholesterol to the interferon antiviral response","volume":"38","author":"Blanc","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35812","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.519637","article-title":"25-Hydroxycholesterol activates the integrated stress response to reprogram transcription and translation in macrophages","volume":"288","author":"Shibata","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6353","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.11.6353","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies against oxidized low-density lipoprotein bind to apoptotic cells and inhibit their phagocytosis by elicited macrophages: evidence that oxidation-specific epitopes mediate macrophage recognition","volume":"96","author":"Chang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI8472","article-title":"Natural antibodies with the T15 idiotype may act in atherosclerosis, apoptotic clearance, and protective immunity","volume":"105","author":"Shaw","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13043","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.192399699","article-title":"C-reactive protein binds to both oxidized LDL and apoptotic cells through recognition of a common ligand: phosphorylcholine of oxidized phospholipids","volume":"99","author":"Chang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.156.4.1177","article-title":"Anti-phosphorylcholine antibodies of the T15 idiotype are optimally protective against Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"156","author":"Briles","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5327","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101605","article-title":"ATP binding cassette transporter G1 deletion induces IL-17-dependent dysregulation of pulmonary adaptive immunity","volume":"188","author":"Draper","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4273","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.6.4273","article-title":"A critical role for ABCG1 in macrophage inflammation and lung homeostasis","volume":"180","author":"Wojcik","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M012724","article-title":"D-4F, an apoA-1 mimetic, decreases airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, and oxidative stress in a murine model of asthma","volume":"52","author":"Nandedkar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"2026021122355234800_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W606","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm324","article-title":"LIPID MAPS online tools for lipid research","volume":"35","author":"Fahy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrcmb\/article-pdf\/54\/5\/624\/66824011\/ajrcmb_54_5_624.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrcmb\/article-pdf\/54\/5\/624\/66824011\/ajrcmb_54_5_624.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T03:39:23Z","timestamp":1770867563000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrcmb\/article\/54\/5\/624\/8469748"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]]},"references-count":132,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1165\/rcmb.2016-0011ps","relation":{},"ISSN":["1044-1549","1535-4989"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1044-1549","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-4989","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]]}}}