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Interactions among these factors are insufficiently understood. Methacholine-induced BHR (Met-BHR), fractional exhaled NO, and systemic soluble markers of nitric oxide metabolism and inflammation were determined in a population-based sample of 57 eleven-year-old children born extremely preterm (gestational age [GA]\u2009&amp;lt;\u200928 wk) or with extremely low birth weight (&amp;lt;1,000 g), and in a matched normal\u2013birth weight term-born control group (n\u2009=\u200954). Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) was defined as the need for oxygen treatment at a GA of 36 weeks. In preterm-born children, birth weight below the 10th percentile for GA was associated with increased Met-BHR and higher plasma levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), with an increased odds ratio for being in the upper tertile of Met-BHR (11.8; 95% confidence interval, 3.3\u201342.4) and of ADMA (5.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.3\u201320.3). Met-BHR was correlated to ADMA level (r\u2009=\u20090.27, P\u2009=\u20090.007). There were no significant differences in Met-BHR, fractional exhaled NO, or z-FEV1 according to BPD status. No associations with systemic soluble markers of inflammation were observed for Met-BHR, birth, or BPD status. Intrauterine growth restriction in preterm-born children was associated with substantially increased Met-BHR and higher ADMA levels, suggesting altered nitric oxide regulation. These findings contribute to the understanding of the consequences from an adverse fetal environment; they should also be tested in term-born children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2016-0210oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,30]],"date-time":"2016-08-30T10:37:02Z","timestamp":1472553422000},"page":"83-89","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Increased Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness and Higher Asymmetric Dimethylarginine Levels after Fetal Growth Restriction"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Anne-Lise","family":"Bj\u00f8rke-Monsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Volls\u00e6ter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Per M.","family":"Ueland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, and"},{"name":"Bevital A\/S, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trond","family":"Markestad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Knut","family":"\u00d8ymar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; and"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Halvorsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026021122423291300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1365.012","article-title":"Causes of intrauterine growth restriction and the postnatal development of the metabolic syndrome","volume":"1092","author":"Valsamakis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2026021122423291300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00112606","article-title":"Airway smooth muscle dynamics: a common pathway of airway obstruction in asthma","volume":"29","author":"An","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026021122423291300_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra067279","article-title":"Chronic lung disease after premature birth","volume":"357","author":"Baraldi","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026021122423291300_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201406-285OC","article-title":"Adult respiratory outcomes of extreme preterm birth. 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