{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:58:30Z","timestamp":1787018310805,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Influenza viruses can result in significant lung injury with significant morbidity and mortality. In this study, we evaluated the impact of cigarette smoke (CS) exposure on the pulmonary fibroblastic response after influenza infection. We used a murine model in which animals were exposed to CS or room air and subsequently infected with H1N1 influenza virus. Inflammatory and fibrotic responses were measured at different time points after influenza infection. Primary fibroblasts were isolated from the lungs of mice and their characteristics were evaluated. Exposure to CS significantly increased the amount of collagen in the lungs of mice infected with influenza virus compared with the nonsmoking group at 30 days after infection. Furthermore, the presence of fibroblast-specific protein\u2013positive cells increased in the lungs of influenza-infected mice that were exposed to CS compared with the infection-alone group. The smoking group also showed delays in weight recovery and higher cell counts in BAL fluid after infection. Active transforming growth factor \u03b21 levels in BAL fluid increased in both groups; however, CS-exposed mice had a later surge in active transforming growth factor \u03b21 (Day 24). Ex vivo cultures of lung-derived fibroblasts from CS-exposed mice with influenza infection showed rapid proliferation, increased expression of \u03b1-smooth muscle actin\u2013stained stress fibers, and higher expression of growth factors compared with fibroblasts from room air\u2013exposed lungs after infection. These results suggest that CS exposure changes the fibroblastic potential, leading to increased fibrosis after influenza infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2018-0004oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,15]],"date-time":"2018-08-15T15:33:54Z","timestamp":1534347234000},"page":"770-781","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Impact of Cigarette Smoke Exposure on the Lung Fibroblastic Response after Influenza Pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4814-6730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sei Won","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut"},{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and"},{"name":"Clinical Research Center for Chronic Obstructive Airway Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of 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