{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T14:44:55Z","timestamp":1784126695931,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1543,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.atsjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Human rhinovirus (RV) is a major risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma exacerbations. The exploration of RV pathogenesis has been hampered by a lack of disease-relevant model systems. We performed a detailed characterization of host responses to RV infection in human lung tissue ex vivo and investigated whether these responses are disease relevant for patients with COPD and asthma. In addition, impact of the viral replication inhibitor rupintrivir was evaluated. Human precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) were infected with RV1B with or without rupintrivir. At Days 1 and 3 after infection, RV tissue localization, tissue viability, and viral load were determined. To characterize host responses to infection, mediator and whole genome analyses were performed. RV successfully replicated in PCLS airway epithelial cells and induced both antiviral and proinflammatory cytokines such as IFN\u03b12a, CXCL10, CXCL11, IFN-\u03b3, TNF\u03b1, and CCL5. Genomic analyses revealed that RV not only induced antiviral immune responses but also triggered changes in epithelial cell\u2013associated pathways. Strikingly, the RV response in PCLS was reflective of gene expression changes described in patients with COPD and asthma. Although RV-induced host immune responses were abrogated by rupintrivir, RV-triggered epithelial processes were largely refractory to antiviral treatment. Detailed analysis of RV-infected human PCLS and comparison with gene signatures of patients with COPD and asthma revealed that the human RV PCLS model represents disease-relevant biological mechanisms that can be partially inhibited by a well-known antiviral compound and provide an outstanding opportunity to evaluate novel therapeutics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2020-0337oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T18:39:27Z","timestamp":1624905567000},"page":"544-554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/crossmarkpolicies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Rhinovirus-Induced Human Lung Tissue Responses Mimic Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Asthma Gene Signatures"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2332-226X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabine","family":"Wronski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Member of Fraunhofer International Consortium for Antiinfective Research, Member of Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases, Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Research in End-Stage and Obstructive Lung Disease, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soren","family":"Beinke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Obernolte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Member of Fraunhofer International Consortium for Antiinfective Research, Member of Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases, Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Research in End-Stage and Obstructive Lung Disease, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolai N.","family":"Belyaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9284-1100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ken A.","family":"Saunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7379-3302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark G.","family":"Lennon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7398-7262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dirk","family":"Schaudien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Member of Fraunhofer International Consortium for Antiinfective Research, Member of Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases, Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Research in End-Stage and Obstructive Lung Disease, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3673-7779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Braubach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research in End-Stage and Obstructive Lung Disease, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5251-2281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danny","family":"Jonigk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research in End-Stage and Obstructive Lung Disease, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregor","family":"Warnecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research in End-Stage and Obstructive Lung Disease, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Zardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Gerd","family":"Fieguth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinikum Region Hannover Clinics, Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludwig","family":"Wilkens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinikum Region Hannover Clinics, Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1142-1463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armin","family":"Braun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Member of Fraunhofer International Consortium for Antiinfective Research, Member of Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases, Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Research in End-Stage and Obstructive Lung Disease, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edith M.","family":"Hessel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherina","family":"Sewald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Member of Fraunhofer International Consortium for Antiinfective Research, Member of Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases, Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Research in End-Stage and Obstructive Lung Disease, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2008.08.014","article-title":"Clinical effects of rhinovirus infections","volume":"43","author":"Peltola","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200506-859OC","article-title":"Infections and airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severe exacerbations","volume":"173","author":"Papi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1177\/1753465815618113","article-title":"The role of viral infections in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma","volume":"10","author":"Hewitt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ther Adv Respir Dis"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.04.021","article-title":"The role of viruses in acute exacerbations of asthma","volume":"125","author":"Jackson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201006-0833OC","article-title":"Experimental rhinovirus infection as a human model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation","volume":"183","author":"Mallia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13562","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804181105","article-title":"Rhinovirus-induced lower respiratory illness is increased in asthma and related to virus load and Th1\/2 cytokine and IL-10 production","volume":"105","author":"Message","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201205-0806OC","article-title":"Rhinovirus infection induces degradation of antimicrobial peptides and secondary bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"186","author":"Mallia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2012.03.008","article-title":"Pathogenesis of rhinovirus infection","volume":"2","author":"Kennedy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1000","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.15337.1","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding rhinovirus immunity","volume":"7","author":"Makris","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000 Res"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201201650","article-title":"Defining critical roles for NF-\u03baB p65 and type I interferon in innate immunity to rhinovirus","volume":"4","author":"Bartlett","year":"2012","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2008.01826.x","article-title":"Respiratory virus induction of alpha-, beta- and lambda-interferons in bronchial epithelial cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"64","author":"Khaitov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1462","article-title":"Role of deficient type III interferon-lambda production in asthma exacerbations","volume":"12","author":"Contoli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.06.016","article-title":"Type I interferons regulate cytolytic activity of memory CD8(+) T cells in the lung airways during respiratory virus challenge","volume":"33","author":"Kohlmeier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.71.4.669","article-title":"IFN-alpha2a induces IP-10\/CXCL10 and MIG\/CXCL9 production in monocyte-derived dendritic cells and enhances their capacity to attract and stimulate CD8+ effector T cells","volume":"71","author":"Padovan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib15","first-page":"PA4126","article-title":"Transcriptomic analyses reveal anti-viral responses of epithelial cells and multiple immune cell types in HRV infected human lung tissue","volume":"50","author":"Obernolte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib16","first-page":"A4040","article-title":"Anti-viral and inflammatory host response to rhinovirus is induced in vital ex vivo human lung tissue and reduced by anti-viral treatments","volume":"195","author":"Obernolte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib17","first-page":"57042","article-title":"Assessment of the Cytotoxic and Immunomodulatory Effects of Substances in Human Precision-cut Lung Slices","author":"Neuhaus","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20130174","article-title":"No exacerbation but impaired anti-viral mechanisms in a rhinovirus-chronic allergic asthma mouse model","volume":"126","author":"Rochlitzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201512-2452OC","article-title":"A Transcriptome-driven Analysis of Epithelial Brushings and Bronchial Biopsies to Define Asthma Phenotypes in U-BIOPRED","volume":"195","author":"Kuo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201208-1449OC","article-title":"A dynamic bronchial airway gene expression signature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung function impairment","volume":"187","author":"Steiling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180063","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0063-2018","article-title":"Respiratory viral infection: a potential \u201cmissing link\u201d in the pathogenesis of COPD","volume":"28","author":"Linden","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Respir Rev"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0207767","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207767","article-title":"Human lung tissue provides highly relevant data about efficacy of new anti-asthmatic drugs","volume":"13","author":"Danov","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/58437","article-title":"Generation of Human 3D Lung Tissue Cultures (3D-LTCs) for Disease Modeling","author":"Gerckens","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13481","article-title":"Rhinovirus-16 induced temporal interferon responses in nasal epithelium links with viral clearance and symptoms","volume":"49","author":"Ravi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S105948","article-title":"Reduced sputum expression of interferon-stimulated genes in severe COPD","volume":"11","author":"Hilzendeger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-016-0561-5","article-title":"COPD immunopathology","volume":"38","author":"Caramori","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.155.3.9117003","article-title":"Detection of rhinovirus RNA in lower airway cells during experimentally induced infection","volume":"155","author":"Gern","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71728","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071728","article-title":"Functional testing of an inhalable nanoparticle based influenza vaccine using a human precision cut lung slice technique","volume":"8","author":"Neuhaus","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032158","article-title":"The nature of small-airway obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"350","author":"Hogg","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12627","article-title":"Th2 cytokines impair innate immune responses to rhinovirus in respiratory epithelial cells","volume":"70","author":"Contoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-018-0049-9","article-title":"Synergistic activation of pro-inflammatory type-2 CD8+ T lymphocytes by lipid mediators in severe eosinophilic asthma","volume":"11","author":"Hilvering","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0156009","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156009","article-title":"Squamous Metaplasia Is Increased in the Bronchial Epithelium of Smokers with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"11","author":"Rigden","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2018-212271","article-title":"Emerging biology of persistent mucous cell hyperplasia in COPD","volume":"74","author":"Shaykhiev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.04.00012704","article-title":"The impact of smoking cessation on respiratory symptoms, lung function, airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation","volume":"23","author":"Willemse","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.20498","article-title":"Rhinovirus enhances various bacterial adhesions to nasal epithelial cells simultaneously","volume":"119","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-14-85","article-title":"Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-related cell adhesion molecules are co-expressed in the human lung and their expression can be modulated in bronchial epithelial cells by non-typable Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, TLR3, and type I and II interferons","volume":"14","author":"Klaile","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-019-1894-3","article-title":"Interferon gamma induces inflammatory responses through the interaction of CEACAM1 and PI3K in airway epithelial cells","volume":"17","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2016.09.010","article-title":"Rare SOX2+ Airway Progenitor Cells Generate KRT5+ Cells that Repopulate Damaged Alveolar Parenchyma following Influenza Virus Infection","volume":"7","author":"Ray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13903","article-title":"p63(+)Krt5(+) distal airway stem cells are essential for lung regeneration","volume":"517","author":"Zuo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0347-8","article-title":"Transcriptome networks identify mechanisms of viral and nonviral asthma exacerbations in children","volume":"20","author":"Altman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200801-136OC","article-title":"Rhinovirus disrupts the barrier function of polarized airway epithelial cells","volume":"178","author":"Sajjan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9688","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27022-y","article-title":"Betamethasone prevents human rhinovirus- and cigarette smoke- induced loss of respiratory epithelial barrier function","volume":"8","author":"Waltl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.20764","article-title":"Rhinovirus infection-induced alteration of tight junction and adherens junction components in human nasal epithelial cells","volume":"120","author":"Yeo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13097","article-title":"Effects of human rhinovirus on epithelial barrier integrity and function in children with asthma","volume":"48","author":"Looi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl-2018-0016","article-title":"Antiviral therapeutic approaches for human rhinovirus infections","volume":"13","author":"Casanova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Virol"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.11978.1","article-title":"Novel therapeutic approaches to simultaneously target rhinovirus infection and asthma\/COPD pathogenesis","volume":"6","author":"Mirabelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"F1000 Res"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2018.1526677","article-title":"Therapeutic targets for inflammation-mediated airway remodeling in chronic lung disease","volume":"12","author":"Brasier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2007-0050OC","article-title":"Basal cells of differentiated bronchial epithelium are more susceptible to rhinovirus infection","volume":"38","author":"Jakiela","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026012204035420000_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102368","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102368","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus can infect basal cells and alter human airway epithelial differentiation","volume":"9","author":"Persson","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrcmb\/article-pdf\/65\/5\/544\/66385353\/ajrcmb_65_5_544.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrcmb\/article-pdf\/65\/5\/544\/66385353\/ajrcmb_65_5_544.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T09:09:40Z","timestamp":1769072980000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrcmb\/article\/65\/5\/544\/8423911"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1165\/rcmb.2020-0337oc","relation":{},"ISSN":["1044-1549","1535-4989"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1044-1549","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-4989","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-08-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-05-25","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-11-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}