{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T15:59:01Z","timestamp":1790092741581,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1178,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UCSF Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center"},{"name":"UCSF Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.atsjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) begins with upper airway symptoms but proceeds in a significant proportion of patients to life-threatening infection of the lower respiratory tract, where an exuberant inflammatory response, edema, and adverse parenchymal remodeling impair gas exchange. Respiratory failure is caused initially by flooding of the airspaces with plasma exudate, sloughed epithelium, and inflammatory cells. For many patients with COVID-19, this acute phase has been observed to give way to a prolonged course of acute respiratory distress syndrome, and a significant proportion of patients go on to develop fibroproliferative remodeling of the lung parenchyma, which lengthens the duration of respiratory impairment and mechanical ventilation. Monocyte-derived macrophages have previously been implicated in the fibrotic phase of lung injury in multiple models. From several recent studies that used single-cell genomic techniques, a profile of the transcriptomic state of COVID-19 lung macrophages has emerged. Linkages have been made between these macrophages, which are monocyte-derived and CD163+, and profibrotic macrophages found in other contexts, including animal models of fibrosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Here, emerging concepts of macrophage profibrotic function in COVID-19 are highlighted with a focus on gaps in knowledge to be addressed by future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2022-0107tr","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]],"date-time":"2022-06-08T15:32:25Z","timestamp":1654702345000},"page":"520-527","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/crossmarkpolicies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Insights from Transcriptomics: CD163+ Profibrotic Lung Macrophages in COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5439-547X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mallar","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.06.013","article-title":"Origin and functions of tissue macrophages","volume":"41","author":"Epelman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib2","first-page":"1318","article-title":"Developmental origin of lung macrophage diversity","volume":"143","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20131199","article-title":"Alveolar macrophages develop from fetal monocytes that differentiate into long-lived cells in the first week of life via GM-CSF","volume":"210","author":"Guilliams","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13989","article-title":"Tissue-resident macrophages originate from yolk-sac-derived erythro-myeloid progenitors","volume":"518","author":"Gomez Perdiguero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13807","article-title":"Pulmonary macrophage transplantation therapy","volume":"514","author":"Suzuki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12902","article-title":"Sessile alveolar macrophages communicate with alveolar epithelium to modulate immunity","volume":"506","author":"Westphalen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.020","article-title":"Patrolling alveolar macrophages conceal bacteria from the immune system to maintain homeostasis","volume":"183","author":"Neupane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2016-0361OC","article-title":"Three unique interstitial macrophages in the murine lung at steady state","volume":"57","author":"Gibbings","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau0964","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau0964","article-title":"Two distinct interstitial macrophage populations coexist across tissues in specific subtissular niches","volume":"363","author":"Chakarov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-021-00480-w","article-title":"The impact of the lung environment on macrophage development, activation and function: diversity in the face of adversity","volume":"15","author":"Bain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2009-040GL","article-title":"An official ATS\/ERS\/JRS\/ALAT statement. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and management","volume":"183","author":"Raghu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-042320-030240","article-title":"Pathogenic mechanisms underlying idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"17","author":"Moss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14532","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14532","article-title":"Cellular senescence mediates fibrotic pulmonary disease","volume":"8","author":"Schafer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202004-1274OC","article-title":"Senescence of alveolar type 2 cells drives progressive pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"203","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L859","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00574.2020","article-title":"A cGAS-dependent response links DNA damage and senescence in alveolar epithelial cells: a potential drug target in IPF","volume":"321","author":"Schuliga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3559","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17358-3","article-title":"Alveolar regeneration through a Krt8+ transitional stem cell state that persists in human lung fibrosis","volume":"11","author":"Strunz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201808-508CME","article-title":"Telomeres in interstitial lung disease: the short and the long of it","volume":"16","author":"Courtwright","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80545-0","article-title":"The integrin alpha v beta 6 binds and activates latent TGF beta 1: a mechanism for regulating pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis","volume":"96","author":"Munger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4659","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18397-6","article-title":"Translational pharmacology of an inhaled small molecule \u03b1v\u03b26 integrin inhibitor for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"11","author":"John","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaba1983","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba1983","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-seq reveals ectopic and aberrant lung-resident cell populations in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"6","author":"Adams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(16)30326-5","article-title":"Effect of pirfenidone on mortality: pooled analyses and meta-analyses of clinical trials in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"5","author":"Nathan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2016.02.001","article-title":"Nintedanib in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: combined evidence from the TOMORROW and INPULSIS trials","volume":"113","author":"Richeldi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20162152","article-title":"Monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages drive lung fibrosis and persist in the lung over the life span","volume":"214","author":"Misharin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20611","article-title":"Identification of an atypical monocyte and committed progenitor involved in fibrosis","volume":"541","author":"Satoh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0276-y","article-title":"Reference-based analysis of lung single-cell sequencing reveals a transitional profibrotic macrophage","volume":"20","author":"Aran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2017-0096ST","article-title":"An official American Thoracic Society workshop report: use of animal models for the preclinical assessment of potential therapies for pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"56","author":"Jenkins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.01.001","article-title":"Macrophage Akt1 kinase-mediated mitophagy modulates apoptosis resistance and pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"44","author":"Larson-Casey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02297","article-title":"Macrophages as an emerging source of Wnt ligands: relevance in mucosal integrity","volume":"10","author":"Cosin-Roger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201712-2410OC","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of human lung provides insights into the pathobiology of pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"199","author":"Reyfman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802441","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02441-2018","article-title":"Proliferating SPP1\/MERTK-expressing macrophages in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"54","author":"Morse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"aad5510","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad5510","article-title":"Lineage-specific enhancers activate self-renewal genes in macrophages and embryonic stem cells","volume":"351","author":"Soucie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1608077","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"377","author":"Thompson","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202008-1026OC","article-title":"COVID-19 versus non-COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome: comparison of demographics, physiologic parameters, inflammatory biomarkers, and clinical outcomes","volume":"18","author":"Bain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2117024","article-title":"Lung transplantation for Covid-19-related respiratory failure in the United States","volume":"386","author":"Roach","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E55","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020200843","article-title":"Temporal changes of CT findings in 90 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia: a longitudinal study","volume":"296","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2020.06.001","article-title":"Chest CT in COVID-19 pneumonia: a review of current knowledge","volume":"101","author":"Jalaber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagn Interv Imaging"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735922","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.735922","article-title":"COVID-19 lung pathogenesis in SARS-CoV-2 autopsy cases","volume":"12","author":"Valdebenito","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-020-00661-1","article-title":"COVID-19 pulmonary pathology: a multi-institutional autopsy cohort from Italy and New York City","volume":"33","author":"Borczuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabj7790","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abj7790","article-title":"Lung epithelial and endothelial damage, loss of tissue repair, inhibition of fibrinolysis, and cellular senescence in fatal COVID-19","volume":"13","author":"D\u2019Agnillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocpiqo.2021.08.002","article-title":"Lung function and symptoms in post-COVID-19 patients: a single-center experience","volume":"5","author":"Mumoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-021-01834-5","article-title":"Lung function and breathing patterns in hospitalised COVID-19 survivors: a review of post-COVID-19 Clinics","volume":"22","author":"Stockley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.11.032","article-title":"One-year multidisciplinary follow-up of patients with COVID-19 requiring invasive mechanical ventilation","volume":"36","author":"Zangrillo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001480","article-title":"Relationship between ICU length of stay and long-term mortality for elderly ICU survivors","volume":"44","author":"Moitra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202002-0320OC","article-title":"Long-term outcomes in ICU patients with delirium: a population-based cohort study","volume":"204","author":"Fiest","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00482","article-title":"Risk factors of ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically iii patients","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabe4282","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abe4282","article-title":"Lung transplantation for patients with severe COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Bharat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0901-9","article-title":"Single-cell landscape of bronchoalveolar immune cells in patients with COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.03.005","article-title":"Longitudinal profiling of respiratory and systemic immune responses reveals myeloid cell-driven lung inflammation in severe COVID-19","volume":"54","author":"Szabo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-03148-w","article-title":"Circuits between infected macrophages and T cells in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia","volume":"590","author":"Grant","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0602-4","article-title":"COVID-19 severity correlates with airway epithelium-immune cell interactions identified by single-cell analysis","volume":"38","author":"Chua","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-00455-9","article-title":"Discriminating mild from critical COVID-19 by innate and adaptive immune single-cell profiling of bronchoalveolar lavages","volume":"31","author":"Wauters","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.001","article-title":"Severe COVID-19 is marked by a dysregulated myeloid cell compartment","volume":"182","author":"Schulte-Schrepping","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.11.033","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers profibrotic macrophage responses and lung fibrosis","volume":"184","author":"Wendisch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabe8146","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abe8146","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics in lungs of African green monkeys","volume":"13","author":"Speranza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc4730","article-title":"Adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 in BALB\/c mice for testing vaccine efficacy","volume":"369","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1009723","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009723","article-title":"ACE2-lentiviral transduction enables mouse SARS-CoV-2 infection and mapping of receptor interactions","volume":"17","author":"Rawle","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03569-1","article-title":"A molecular single-cell lung atlas of lethal COVID-19","volume":"595","author":"Melms","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03475-6","article-title":"The spatial landscape of lung pathology during COVID-19 progression","volume":"593","author":"Rendeiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.06.020","article-title":"Inflammatory signals induce AT2 cell-derived damage-associated transient progenitors that mediate alveolar regeneration","volume":"27","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib60","first-page":"3786","article-title":"IL-1R1\/MyD88 signaling and the inflammasome are essential in pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in mice","volume":"117","author":"Gasse","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.02.015","article-title":"Macrophages in tissue repair, regeneration, and fibrosis","volume":"44","author":"Wynn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2015.34","article-title":"Macrophages are critical to the maintenance of IL-13-dependent lung inflammation and fibrosis","volume":"9","author":"Borthwick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib63","first-page":"e150107","article-title":"IL-13 is a driver of COVID-19 severity","volume":"6","author":"Donlan","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-1536-3-20","article-title":"Investigation of Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of fibrotic and granulomatous disorders: a bronchoalveolar lavage study","volume":"3","author":"Margaritopoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202010-3880OC","article-title":"Candidate role for Toll-like receptor 3 L412F polymorphism and infection in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"205","author":"McElroy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201304-0760OC","article-title":"The Toll-like receptor 3 L412F polymorphism and disease progression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"188","author":"O\u2019Dwyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-021-00418-x","article-title":"Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells","volume":"23","author":"Jackson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.006","article-title":"Host-viral infection maps reveal signatures of severe COVID-19 patients","volume":"181","author":"Bost","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03570-8","article-title":"COVID-19 tissue atlases reveal SARS-CoV-2 pathology and cellular targets","volume":"595","author":"Delorey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04702-4","article-title":"Fc\u03b3R-mediated SARS-CoV-2 infection of monocytes activates inflammation","author":"Junqueira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib71","article-title":"Immediate myeloid depot for SARS-CoV-2 in the human lung [preprint]","volume-title":"bioRxiv","author":"Magnen","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa356","article-title":"Attenuated interferon and proinflammatory response in SARS-CoV-2-infected human dendritic cells is associated with viral antagonism of STAT1 phosphorylation","volume":"222","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab044","article-title":"Monocytes and macrophages, targets of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2: the clue for coronavirus disease 2019 immunoparalysis","volume":"224","author":"Boumaza","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200509-1518OC","article-title":"A vicious circle of alveolar macrophages and fibroblasts perpetuates pulmonary fibrosis via CCL18","volume":"173","author":"Prasse","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.01.04.425268","article-title":"Single cell RNA-seq and mass cytometry reveals a novel and a targetable population of macrophages in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis [preprint]","volume-title":"bioRxiv","author":"Ayaub","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.01.015","article-title":"Circuit design features of a stable two-cell system","volume":"172","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L495","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00458.2021","article-title":"IL10 trains macrophage profibrotic function after lung injury","volume":"322","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"2026012204002914800_bib78","article-title":"A humanized mouse model of chronic COVID-19","author":"Sefik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrcmb\/article-pdf\/67\/5\/520\/66464129\/ajrcmb_67_5_520.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrcmb\/article-pdf\/67\/5\/520\/66464129\/ajrcmb_67_5_520.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T09:05:48Z","timestamp":1769072748000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajrcmb\/article\/67\/5\/520\/8430224"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1165\/rcmb.2022-0107tr","relation":{},"ISSN":["1044-1549","1535-4989"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1044-1549","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-4989","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-03-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-06-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-11-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}