{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T11:47:48Z","timestamp":1776340068897,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Jerold B. Katz Foundation"},{"name":"Jerald B. Katz Academy and Katz Investigator Endowment Award"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Blood, and Lung Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["HL138992"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL138992"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Blood, and Lung Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["HL117247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL117247"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Blood, and Lung Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["HL152723"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL152723"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Blood, and Lung Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["HL15283"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL15283"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Dolsen Family Research Fund"},{"name":"Harold T. Dodge-John L. Locke Chair in Cardiovascular Medicine at the Division of Cardiology"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Washington"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.atsjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rationale: Airway mucus is a complex process influenced by various factors and signaling pathways. A key player is mammalian inositol-requiring enzyme 1 beta (IRE1\u03b2), a paralog of IRE1 alpha (IRE1\u03b1), found only in epithelial cells lining the mucosal surfaces of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. IRE1\u03b2 processes X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) mRNA via its endoribonuclease (RNase) domain, generating the active XBP1 spliced form (XBP1s). XBP1s is crucial for mucin production, the main component of mucus. IRE1\u03b2 is upregulated in human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells from individuals with cystic fibrosis and asthma. Fortilin binds to IRE1\u03b1, blocking its kinase\/RNase functions and preventing cell death. However, the interaction between fortilin and IRE1\u03b2, and its effects on airway mucus under basal conditions, remain unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Objectives: We investigate whether fortilin binds IRE1\u03b2, regulates its RNase activity, and is associated with IRE1\u03b2-mediated mucin expression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: The interaction between fortilin and IRE1\u03b2 was examined by immunoprecipitation and microscale thermophoresis. IRE1\u03b2 RNase and kinase activities were assessed using in vitro RNase and kinase assays in the presence of fortilin and the IRE1 inhibitor KIRA8. Functional effects of fortilin were evaluated in CRISPR\/Cas9-mediated fortilin-knockout HBE cells cultured under air\u2013liquid interface conditions. IRE1\u03b2-mediated mucin expression was assessed by RT-qPCR and western blot analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Measurements and Main Results: We find that fortilin binds to the cytosolic domain of IRE1\u03b2, significantly increasing its RNase and kinase activities. Furthermore, fortilin depletion significantly attenuates mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) expression by reducing XBP1 splicing and AKT phosphorylation in differentiated HBE cells under air-liquid interface culture (ALI-HBE). IRE1 inhibitor KIRA8 blunts IRE1\u03b2 kinase\/RNase activities in ALI-HBE cells, inhibiting both XBP1 splicing and AKT phosphorylation regardless of fortilin presence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions: These data suggest that fortilin promotes IRE1\u03b2-mediated MUC5AC expression primarily via the IRE1\u03b2\/XBP1 signaling pathway. The IRE1\u03b2-fortilin complex holds promise for developing innovative therapies to regulate mucin production in conditions characterized by airway mucus hypersecretion, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2025-0065oc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T19:04:54Z","timestamp":1758654294000},"page":"375-387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/crossmarkpolicies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fortilin binds IRE1\u03b2 to facilitate mucin 5AC expression via the IRE1\u03b2\/XBP1 signaling pathway"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8334-1545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Decha","family":"Pinkaew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital , Houston, 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