{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T13:34:43Z","timestamp":1772544883791,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"American Scientific Publishers","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["j biomed nanotechnol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> NPs) represent one of the most frequently applied nanomaterials in numerous areas of daily life. Recent studies show that TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> exposure increases the occupational risk of liver injury and inflammation, and even liver cancer\n to the workers of factories handling these NPs. However, the potential risks and biophysical effects of TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> on hepatic cells need extensive evaluation. To this end, we explored the electrophysiological changes in the human liver cancer cell line SMMC7721 following exposure to TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n NPs. TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> NPs decreased the first (\u0394<jats:italic>\u03b5<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>) and second dielectric relaxation intensity (\u0394<jats:italic>\u03b5<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) of the SMMC7721 cells by 6.62% and 0.86% respectively, and significantly increased the first characteristic frequency (<jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>c1<\/jats:sub>,\n 4.82%) and the first Cole\u2013Cole parameter (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>, 1.24%). The double spherical-shell model showed that TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> NPs significantly lowered the permittivity of unit-membrane and capacitance, as well as the conductivity of extracellular fluid, cytoplasm, and nuclear\n contents compared to the untreated control. Conclusively, this study revealed that TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> NPs induce cytotoxic effects by disrupting the permeability and electrical conductivity of unit membranes. Further, we report that dielectric spectrum combined with model parameter analysis can\n evaluate the bioelectrical effects of TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> NPs on human liver cancer cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2022.3265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]],"date-time":"2022-04-29T04:35:58Z","timestamp":1651206958000},"page":"546-556","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evaluating Membrane Electrical Properties of SMMC7721 Cells with TiO<sub>2<\/sub> NPs Applications to Cytotoxicity by Dielectric Spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1166","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jia","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315020, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lichao","family":"Cen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, 315211, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315020, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"17","reference":[{"key":"R255_388_694","first-page":"3","volume":"0","journal-title":">"},{"key":"R255_524_489","first-page":"1","volume":"2","journal-title":"LG"},{"key":"R256_398_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.12966\/ne.05.01.2014","volume":"2","journal-title":"ne"},{"key":"R256_406_179","first-page":"1","volume":"2","journal-title":"c"},{"key":"R256_150_502","first-page":"1","volume":"2","journal-title":"m"},{"key":"R256_155_243","first-page":"1","volume":"2","journal-title":"o"},{"key":"R257_160_644","first-page":"2","volume":"2","journal-title":"f c"},{"key":"R257_102_644","first-page":"1","volume":"1","journal-title":"f c"},{"key":"R257_168_282","first-page":"05","volume":"0","journal-title":"P <"},{"key":"R259_371_436","first-page":"0","volume":"1","journal-title":"<"},{"key":"R259_157_294","first-page":"001","volume":"0","journal-title":"p <"},{"key":"R259_235_198","first-page":"01","volume":"0","journal-title":"p <"},{"key":"R259_298_198","first-page":"001","volume":"0","journal-title":"p <"},{"key":"R261_169_499","first-page":"001","volume":"0","journal-title":"p <"},{"key":"R263_497_664","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2019.2714","volume":"15","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1550-7033","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"R263_388_614","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2020.2944","volume":"16","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1550-7033","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"R263_381_453","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2012.01.001","volume":"50","journal-title":"Carbon","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0008-6223","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"R263_513_343","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00232-005-0781-4","volume":"205","journal-title":"Journal of Mem- brane Biology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-2631","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"R263_541_273","first-page":"204","volume":"56","journal-title":"Environ- mental and Molecular Mutagensis"},{"key":"R263_388_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5519","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3717-7","volume":"22","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0944-1344","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"R263_348_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.21798","volume":"30","journal-title":"Journal Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1095-6670","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"R263_515_92","first-page":"124","volume":"104","journal-title":"Journal Biomed- ical Materials Research. 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