{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T19:57:14Z","timestamp":1791575834377,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Scientific Publishers","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["j nanosci nanotechnol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"abstract":"Andrographolide, a diterpenoid compound found in the aerial parts of Andrographis paniculata<\/jats:italic> (a well known anti snake venom plant) was conjugated with gold nanoparticle (andrographolide-AuNPs) and its efficacy against Daboia russellii russellii<\/jats:italic> venom (DRRV) induced local\n damage, organ toxicity and inflammatory response was evaluated in animal models. Ethical clearance was obtained before animal experiments. Andrographolide-AuNPs was formed by adsorption method. Physico-chemical characterization of particle was done by dynamic light scattering (DLS), field\n emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Swiss albino male mice were divided into 5 groups: Gr. 1-Sham control, Gr. 2-DRRV control, Gr. 3-anti snake venom serum treated, Gr. 4-andrographolide treated and Gr. 4-andrographolide-AuNPs\n treated. 1\/5th minimum lethal dose of DRRV (10 \u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\/s.c.<\/jats:italic>\/20 g mice) was induced in animals of group 2, 3, 4 and 5 animals, followed by treatment with anti snake venom serum (2 mg\/20 g mice, i.v.<\/jats:italic>) andrographolide (50 \u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\/20g mice, i.p.<\/jats:italic>) and andrographolide-AuNPs\n (50 \u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\/20 g mice, i.v.<\/jats:italic>) in group 3, 4 and 5 animals, respectively. Blood was collected after 18 h, serum was prepared and organ toxicity markers (transaminases, phosphatases, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine phosphate, urea, creatinine, Ca2+<\/jats:sup>, phosphorous), inflammatory\n markers (interleukin 1\u03b2<\/jats:italic>, 6, 17a, 10, tumor necrosis factor \u03b1<\/jats:italic>) and local damage testings (defibrination, edema, hemorrhage) were assessed. Values were expressed as mean \u00b1 SEM (n<\/jats:italic> = 4), one way analysis of variance was done, P<\/jats:italic> < 0.05 was considered\n as statistically significant. Formed andrographolide-AuNPs were pink in color with hydrodynamic diameter 30\u201350 nm, polydispersity index 0.412 and zeta potential \u221216.21 mV. XRD data confirmed the presence of crystalline gold in andrographolide-AuNPs. TEM (20\u201350 nm) and FE-SEM\n (20\u201325 nm) indicated the presence of nearly spherical particle. DRRV envenomation followed by treatment with andrographolide-AuNPs provided protection against venom induced edema, hemorrhage, defibrination, organ toxicity and inflammation in animal model. Venom neutralization by andrographolide-AuNPs\n was > andrographolide, which confirmed the increased efficacy of andrographolide after gold nanoparticle conjugation, may be due to anti-oxidant\/anti-inflammatory activity of andrographolide, showing increased efficacy after gold nanoparticle tagging. Thus, andrographolide-AuNPs may serve\n as a supportive therapy in snakebite (against venom induced local damage, organ toxicity and inflammatory response) subject to further detail studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2020.17421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,21]],"date-time":"2019-11-21T04:46:18Z","timestamp":1574311578000},"page":"3404-3414","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) Conjugated with Andrographolide Ameliorated Viper (Daboia russellii russellii<\/i>) Venom-Induced Toxicities in Animal Model"],"prefix":"10.1166","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Sourav","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Toxinology and Experimental Pharmacodynamics, Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700009, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subir Chandra","family":"Dasgupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Maulana Azad College, Kolkata 700013, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjan Kumar","family":"Dasgupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aparna","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antony","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Toxinology and Experimental Pharmacodynamics, Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700009, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"17","container-title":["Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/asp\/jnn\/2020\/00000020\/00000006\/art00010","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]],"date-time":"2019-11-25T04:31:53Z","timestamp":1574656313000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/10.1166\/jnn.2020.17421"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]}},"alternative-id":["1533-4880(20200601)20:6L.3404;1-"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1166\/jnn.2020.17421","relation":{},"ISSN":["1533-4880"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1533-4880","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]}}}