{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:58:10Z","timestamp":1791928690423,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,27]],"date-time":"2018-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543276800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,27]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,27]],"date-time":"2018-11-27T18:10:02Z","timestamp":1543342202000},"page":"DES64","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Short Tear Film Breakup Time\u2013Type Dry Eye"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Kazuo","family":"Tsubota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsubota K, Yokoi N, Shimazaki J, et al. New perspectives on dry eye definition and diagnosis: a consensus report by the Asia Dry Eye Society. Ocul Surf. 2017; 15: 65\u201376.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2016.09.003"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b02","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Craig JP, Nichols KK, Akpek EK, et al. TFOS DEWS II definition and classification report. Ocul Surf. 2017; 15: 276\u2013283.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.008"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b03","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norn MS. Desiccation of the precorneal film. I. Corneal wetting-time. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1969; 47: 865\u2013880.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1969.tb03711.x"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b04","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCarty CA, Bansal AK, Livingston PM, Stanislavsky YL, Taylor HR. The epidemiology of dry eye in Melbourne, Australia. Ophthalmology. 1998; 105: 1114\u20131119.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(98)96016-X"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b05","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pflugfelder SC, Tseng SC, Sanabria O, et al. Evaluation of sujective assessments and objective diagnostic tests for diagnosing tear-film disorders known to cause ocular irritation. Cornea. 1998; 17: 38\u201356.","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199801000-00007"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b06","unstructured":"Tutt R, Bradley A, Begley C, Thibos LN. Optical and visual impact of tear break-up in human eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000; 41: 4117\u20134123."},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b07","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pflugfelder SC. Anti-inflammatory therapy of dry eye. Ocul Surf. 2003; 1: 31\u201336.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70005-8"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b08","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pflugfelder SC, de Paiva CS. The pathophysiology of dry eye disease: what we know and future directions for research. Ophthalmology. 2017; 124: S4\u2013S13.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.07.010"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b09","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toda I, Shimazaki J, Tsubota K. Dry eye with only decreased tear break-up time is sometimes associated with allergic conjunctivitis. Ophthalmology. 1995; 102: 302\u2013309.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(95)31024-X"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaido M, Ishida R, Dogru M, Tamaoki T, Tsubota K. Efficacy of punctum plug treatment in short break-up time dry eye. Optom Vis Sci. 2008; 85: 758\u2013763.","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181819f0a"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaido M, Ishida R, Dogru M, Tsubota K. Visual function changes after punctal occlusion with the treatment of short BUT type of dry eye. Cornea. 2012; 31: 1009\u20131013.","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31823f8cfc"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaido M, Uchino M, Kojima T, Dogru M, Tsubota K. Effects of diquafosol tetrasodium administration on visual function in short break-up time dry eye. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2013; 29: 595\u2013603.","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2012.0246"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ichihashi Y, Ide T, Kaido M, Ishida R, Hatou S, Tsubota K. Short break-up time type dry eye has potential ocular surface abnormalities. Taiwan J Ophthalmol. 2015; 5: 68\u201371.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjo.2015.02.004"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaido M, Kawashima M, Ishida R, Tsubota K. Relationship of corneal pain sensitivity with dry eye symptoms in dry eye with short tear break-up time. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2016; 57: 914\u2013919.","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18447"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaido M, Kawashima M, Ishida R, Tsubota K. Severe symptoms of short tear break-up time dry eye are associated with accommodative microfluctuations. Clin Ophthalmol. 2017; 11: 861\u2013869.","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S128939"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaido M, Kawashima M, Shigeno Y, Yamada Y, Tsubota K. Relation of accommodative microfluctuation with dry eye symptoms in short tear break-up time dry eye. PLoS One. 2017; 12: e0184296.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184296"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim YH, Kang YS, Lee HS, Choi W, You IC, Yoon KC. Effectiveness of combined tear film therapy in patients with evaporative dry eye with short tear film breakup time. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2017; 33: 635\u2013643.","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2017.0019"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shimazaki-Den S, Iseda H, Dogru M, Shimazaki J. Effects of diquafosol sodium eye drops on tear film stability in short BUT type of dry eye. Cornea. 2013; 32: 1120\u20131125.","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3182930b1d"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koh S, Inoue Y, Sugmimoto T, Maeda N, Nishida K. Effect of rebamipide ophthalmic suspension on optical quality in the short break-up time type of dry eye. Cornea. 2013; 32: 1219\u20131223.","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e318294f97e"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yokoi N, Uchino M, Uchino Y, et al. Importance of tear film instability in dry eye disease in office workers using visual display terminals: the Osaka study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2015; 159: 748\u2013754.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.12.019"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miyake K, Yokoi N. Influence on ocular surface after cataract surgery and effect of topical diquafosol on postoperative dry eye: a multicenter prospective randomized study. Clin Ophthalmol. 2017; 11: 529\u2013540.","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S129178"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kobashi H, Kamiya K, Yanome K, Igarashi A, Shimizu K. Longitudinal assessment of optical quality and intraocular scattering using the double-pass instrument in normal eyes and eyes with short tear breakup time. PLoS One. 2013; 8: e82427.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082427"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayaki M, Kawashima M, Uchino M, Tsubota K, Negishi K. Possible association between subtypes of dry eye disease and seasonal variation. Clin Ophthalmol. 2017; 11: 1769\u20131775.","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S148650"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawashima M, Yamada M, Suwaki K, et al. A clinic-based survey of clinical characteristics and practice pattern of dry eye in Japan. Adv Ther. 2017; 34: 732\u2013743.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-017-0487-x"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koh S, Maeda N, Hori Y, et al. Effects of suppression of blinking on quality of vision in borderline cases of evaporative dry eye. Cornea. 2008; 27: 275\u2013278.","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31815be9c8"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung HH, Kang S, Sung MS, Yoon KC. Clinical efficacy of topical 3% diquafosol tetrasodium in short tear film break-up time dry eye [in Korean]. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc. 2015; 56: 339\u2013344.","DOI":"10.3341\/jkos.2015.56.3.339"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koh S, Tung C, Aquavella J, Yadav R, Zavislan J, Yoon G. Simultaneous measurement of tear film dynamics using wavefront sensor and optical coherence tomography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010; 51: 3441\u20133448.","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4430"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartlett JD, Keith MS, Sudharshan L, Snedecor SJ. Associations between signs and symptoms of dry eye disease: a systematic review. Clin Ophthalmol. 2015; 9: 1719\u20131730.","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S89700"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hua R, Yao K, Hu Y, Chen L. Discrepancy between subjectively reported symptoms and objectively measured clinical findings in dry eye: a population based analysis. BMJ Open. 2014; 4: e005296.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-005296"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kheirkhah A, Dohlman TH, Amparo F, et al. Effects of corneal nerve density on the response to treatment in dry eye disease. Ophthalmology. 2015; 122: 662\u2013668.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.11.006"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galor A, Levitt RC, Felix ER, Martin ER, Sarantopoulos CD. Neuropathic ocular pain: an important yet underevaluated feature of dry eye. Eye (Lond). 2015; 29: 301\u2013312.","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2014.263"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galor A, Moein HR, Lee C, et al. Neuropathic pain and dry eye. Ocul Surf. 2018; 16: 31\u201344.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.10.001"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goyal S, Hamrah P. Understanding neuropathic corneal pain: gaps and current therapeutic approaches. Semin Ophthalmol. 2016; 31: 59\u201370.","DOI":"10.3109\/08820538.2015.1114853"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenthal P, Borsook D. Ocular neuropathic pain. Br J Ophthalmol. 2016; 100: 128\u2013134.","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-306280"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McMonnies CW. The potential role of neuropathic mechanisms in dry eye syndromes. J Optom. 2017; 10: 5\u201313.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2016.06.002"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaido M, Kawashima M, Shigeno Y, Yamada Y, Tsubota K. Randomized controlled study to investigate the effect of topical diquafosol tetrasodium on corneal sensitivity in short tear break-up time dry eye. Adv Ther. 2018; 35: 697\u2013706.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-018-0685-1"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim KW, Han SB, Han ER, et al. Association between depression and dry eye disease in an elderly population. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011; 52: 7954\u20137958.","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8050"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan KH, Chen LJ, Young AL. Depression and anxiety in dry eye disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eye (Lond). 2016; 30: 1558\u20131567.","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2016.186"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uchino M, Yokoi N, Uchino Y, et al. Prevalence of dry eye disease and its risk factors in visual display terminal users: the Osaka study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2013; 156: 759\u2013766.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.05.040"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawashima M, Uchino M, Yokoi N, et al. Associations between subjective happiness and dry eye disease: a new perspective from the Osaka study. PLoS One. 2015; 10: e0123299.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123299"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaido M, Dogru M, Ishida R, Tsubota K. Concept of functional visual acuity and its applications. Cornea. 2007; 26: S29\u2013S35.","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31812f6913"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaido M, Uchino M, Yokoi N, et al. Dry-eye screening by using a functional visual acuity measurement system: the Osaka Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014; 55: 3275\u20133281.","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13000"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaido M. Functional visual acuity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018; 59: DES29\u2013DES35.","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23721"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koh S. Irregular astigmatism and higher-order aberrations in eyes with dry eye disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018; 59: DES36\u2013DES40.","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23500"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yokoi N, Georgiev G. Tear-film-oriented diagnosis and therapy for dry eye. In: Yokoi N, ed. Dry Eye Syndrome: Basic and Clinical Perspectives. London, UK: Future Medicine; 2013: 97\u2013108.","DOI":"10.2217\/ebo.12.340"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yokoi N, Georgiev GA, Kato H, et al. Classification of fluorescein breakup patterns: a novel method of differential diagnosis for dry eye. Am J Ophthalmol. 2017; 180: 72\u201385.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.05.022"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b47","unstructured":"Lemp MA. Report of the National Eye Institute\/Industry workshop on clinical trials in dry eyes. CLAO J. 1995; 21: 221\u2013232."},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yokoi N, Georgiev GA. Tear film\u2013oriented diagnosis and tear film\u2013oriented therapy for dry eye based on tear film dynamics. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018; 59: DES13\u2013DES22.","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23700"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shimazaki-Den S, Dogru M, Higa K, Shimazaki J. Symptoms, visual function, and mucin expression of eyes with tear film instability. Cornea. 2013; 32: 1211\u20131218.","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e318295a2a5"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uchino Y, Uchino M, Yokoi N, et al. Alteration of tear mucin 5AC in office workers using visual display terminals: the Osaka Study. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014; 132: 985\u2013992.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.1008"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koh S, Maeda N, Ikeda C, et al. Effect of diquafosol ophthalmic solution on the optical quality of the eyes in patients with aqueous-deficient dry eye. Acta Ophthalmol. 2014; 92: e671\u2013e675.","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12443"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yokoi N, Sonomura Y, Kato H, Komuro A, Kinoshita S. Three percent diquafosol ophthalmic solution as an additional therapy to existing artificial tears with steroids for dry-eye patients with Sjogren's syndrome. Eye (Lond). 2015; 29: 1204\u20131212.","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2015.125"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okura M, Kawashima M, Katagiri M, Shirasawa T, Tsubota K. New eye cleansing product improves makeup-related ocular problems. J Ophthalmol. 2015; 2015: 831628.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/831628"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kobayashi A, Ide T, Fukumoto T, Miki E, Tsubota K, Toda I. Effects of a new eyelid shampoo on lid hygiene and eyelash length in patients with meibomian gland dysfunction: a comparative open study. J Ophthalmol. 2016; 2016: 4292570.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4292570"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsubota K, Yamada M, Urayama K. Spectacle side panels and moist inserts for the treatment of dry-eye patients. Cornea. 1994; 13: 197\u2013201.","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199405000-00001"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogawa M, Dogru M, Toriyama N, Yamaguchi T, Shimazaki J, Tsubota K. Evaluation of the effect of moist chamber spectacles in patients with dry eye exposed to adverse environment conditions Eye Contact Lens. 2018; 44: 379\u2013383.","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000431"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kinoshita S, Oshiden K, Awamura S, et al. A randomized, multicenter phase 3 study comparing 2% rebamipide (OPC-12759) with 0.1% sodium hyaluronate in the treatment of dry eye. Ophthalmology. 2013; 120: 1158\u20131165.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.12.022"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsubota K, Kawashima M, Inaba T, et al. The era of antiaging ophthalmology comes of age: antiaging approach for dry eye treatment. Ophthalmic Res. 2010; 44: 146\u2013154.","DOI":"10.1159\/000316594"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-14-DES64-b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uchino M, Dogru M, Yagi Y, et al. The features of dry eye disease in a Japanese elderly population. Optom Vis Sci. 2006; 83: 797\u2013802.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.opx.0000232814.39651.fa"}],"container-title":["Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2717214","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:31:00Z","timestamp":1791927060000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/iovs.17-23746"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,27]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.17-23746","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,27]]}}}