{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:57:47Z","timestamp":1791928667158,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,5]],"date-time":"2018-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541376000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,5]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,6]],"date-time":"2018-11-06T12:03:12Z","timestamp":1541505792000},"page":"AMD202","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Slowed Dark Adaptation in Early AMD: Dual Stimulus Reveals Scotopic and Photopic Abnormalities"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Humza J.","family":"Tahir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vision Sciences Lab, Pharmacy and Optometry Section, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Rodrigo-Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vision Sciences Lab, Pharmacy and Optometry Section, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil R. A.","family":"Parry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Hearing and Vision Research, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Vision Science Centre, Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremiah M. F.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vision Sciences Lab, Pharmacy and Optometry Section, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Carden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vision Sciences Lab, Pharmacy and Optometry Section, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tariq M.","family":"Aslam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vision Sciences Lab, Pharmacy and Optometry Section, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian J.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vision Sciences Lab, Pharmacy and Optometry Section, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b01","unstructured":"Leibowitz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKrueger\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDE,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMaunder\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tThe Framingham Eye Study monograph: an ophthalmological and epidemiological study of cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, and visual acuity in a general population of 2631 adults, 1973\u20131975.\n\t\t\t\t\tSurv Ophthalmol.\n\t\t\t\t\t1980;\n\t\t\t\t\t24:\n\t\t\t\t\t335\u2013610."},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b02","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bird\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAC,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBressler\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBressler\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSB,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tAn international classification and grading system for age-related maculopathy and age-related macular degeneration. The International ARM Epidemiological Study Group.\n\t\t\t\t\tSurv Ophthalmol.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995;\n\t\t\t\t\t39:\n\t\t\t\t\t367\u2013374.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(05)80092-X"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b03","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferris\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFL,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDavis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tClemons\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTE,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tA simplified severity scale for age-related macular degeneration: AREDS Report No. 18.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Ophthalmol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t123:\n\t\t\t\t\t1570\u20131574.","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.11.1570"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b04","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klein\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDavis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMagli\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYL,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSegal\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKlein\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBE,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHubbard\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tThe Wisconsin age-related maculopathy grading system.\n\t\t\t\t\tOphthalmology.\n\t\t\t\t\t1991;\n\t\t\t\t\t98:\n\t\t\t\t\t1128\u20131134.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(91)32186-9"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b05","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group.\n\t\t\t\t\tThe Age-Related Eye Disease Study system for classifying age-related macular degeneration from stereoscopic color fundus photographs: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study Report Number 6.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Ophthalmol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2001;\n\t\t\t\t\t132:\n\t\t\t\t\t668\u2013681.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(01)01218-1"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b06","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGangnon\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRE,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLee\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLY,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tThe Age-Related Eye Disease Study severity scale for age-related macular degeneration: AREDS Report No. 17.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Ophthalmol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t123:\n\t\t\t\t\t1484\u20131498.","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.11.1484"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b07","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farsiu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChiu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tO'Connell\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRV,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tQuantitative classification of eyes with and without intermediate age-related macular degeneration using optical coherence tomography.\n\t\t\t\t\tOphthalmology.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t121:\n\t\t\t\t\t162\u2013172.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.07.013"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b08","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bindewald\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBird\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAC,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDandekar\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tClassification of fundus autofluorescence patterns in early age-related macular disease.\n\t\t\t\t\tInvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t46:\n\t\t\t\t\t3309\u20133314.","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0430"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b09","unstructured":"Delori\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFC,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFleckner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGoger\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDG,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWeiter\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDorey\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tAutofluorescence distribution associated with drusen in age-related macular degeneration.\n\t\t\t\t\tInvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.\n\t\t\t\t\t2000;\n\t\t\t\t\t41:\n\t\t\t\t\t496\u2013504."},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steinmetz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRL,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHaimovici\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJubb\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFitzke\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFW,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBird\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tSymptomatic abnormalities of dark adaptation in patients with age-related Bruch's membrane change.\n\t\t\t\t\tBr J Ophthalmol.\n\t\t\t\t\t1993;\n\t\t\t\t\t77:\n\t\t\t\t\t549\u2013554.","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.77.9.549"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b11","unstructured":"Curcio\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMedeiros\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNE,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMillican\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tPhotoreceptor loss in age-related macular degeneration.\n\t\t\t\t\tInvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.\n\t\t\t\t\t1996;\n\t\t\t\t\t37:\n\t\t\t\t\t1236\u20131249."},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b12","unstructured":"Owsley\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJackson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCideciyan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAV,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tPsychophysical evidence for rod vulnerability in age-related macular degeneration.\n\t\t\t\t\tInvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.\n\t\t\t\t\t2000;\n\t\t\t\t\t41:\n\t\t\t\t\t267\u2013273."},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b13","unstructured":"Curcio\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOwsley\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJackson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tSpare the rods, save the cones in aging and age-related maculopathy.\n\t\t\t\t\tInvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.\n\t\t\t\t\t2000;\n\t\t\t\t\t41:\n\t\t\t\t\t2015\u20132018."},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimitrov\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPN,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRobman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVarsamidis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tRelationship between clinical macular changes and retinal function in age-related macular degeneration.\n\t\t\t\t\tInvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012:\n\t\t\t\t\t5213\u20135220.","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8958"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimitrov\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPN,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRobman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVarsamidis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tVisual function tests as potential biomarkers in age-related macular degeneration.\n\t\t\t\t\tInvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t52:\n\t\t\t\t\t9457\u20139469.","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-7043"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamb\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPugh\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEN\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJr.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tDark adaptation and the retinoid cycle of vision.\n\t\t\t\t\tProg Retin Eye Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t23:\n\t\t\t\t\t307\u2013380.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2004.03.001"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patryas\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tParry\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCarden\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tAssessment of age changes and repeatability for computer-based rod dark adaptation.\n\t\t\t\t\tGraefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t251:\n\t\t\t\t\t1821\u20131827.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-013-2324-5"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimitrov\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPN,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGuymer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRH,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZele\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAnderson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVingrys\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tMeasuring rod and cone dynamics in age-related maculopathy.\n\t\t\t\t\tInvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t49:\n\t\t\t\t\t55\u201365.","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1048"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cocce\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStinnett\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLuhmann\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tUFO,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tVisual function metrics in early and intermediate dry age-related macular degeneration for use as clinical trial endpoints.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Ophthalmol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t189:\n\t\t\t\t\t127\u2013138.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.02.012"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McFarland\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFisher\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tAlterations in dark adaptation as a function of age.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Gerontol.\n\t\t\t\t\t1955;\n\t\t\t\t\t10:\n\t\t\t\t\t424\u2013428.","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/10.4.424"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOwsley\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMcGwin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJr.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tAging and dark adaptation.\n\t\t\t\t\tVision Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t1999:\n\t\t\t\t\t3975\u20133982.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(99)00092-9"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bird\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tBruch's membrane change with age.\n\t\t\t\t\tBr J Ophthalmol.\n\t\t\t\t\t1992;\n\t\t\t\t\t76:\n\t\t\t\t\t166\u2013168.","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.76.3.166"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKefalov\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tThe cone-specific visual cycle.\n\t\t\t\t\tProg Retin Eye Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t30:\n\t\t\t\t\t115\u2013128.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2010.11.001"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHussain\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSeok\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJH,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKim\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSH,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMarshall\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tModulating the transport characteristics of Bruch's membrane with steroidal glycosides and its relevance to age-related macular degeneration (AMD).\n\t\t\t\t\tInvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t56:\n\t\t\t\t\t8403\u20138418.","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-16936"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFG,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSheraidah\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPauleikhoff\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBird\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tAnalysis of lipid deposits extracted from human macular and peripheral Bruch's membrane.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Ophthalmol.\n\t\t\t\t\t1994;\n\t\t\t\t\t112:\n\t\t\t\t\t402\u2013406.","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1994.01090150132035"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraser\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRG,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAyton\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLN,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCaruso\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGuymer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRH,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLuu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tAssessment of retinotopic rod photoreceptor function using a dark-adapted chromatic perimeter in intermediate age-related macular degeneration.\n\t\t\t\t\tInvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t57:\n\t\t\t\t\t5436\u20135442.","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19295"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Owsley\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMcGwin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJr,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJackson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKallies\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tClark\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tCone- and rod-mediated dark adaptation impairment in age-related maculopathy.\n\t\t\t\t\tOphthalmology.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t114:\n\t\t\t\t\t1728\u20131735.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.12.023"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tahir\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRodrigo-Diaz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tParry\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKelly\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCarden\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMurray\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tSlowed dark adaptation in older eyes; effect of location.\n\t\t\t\t\tExp Eye Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t155:\n\t\t\t\t\t47\u201353.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2016.11.016"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rushton\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPowell\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tThe rhodopsin content and the visual threshold of human rods.\n\t\t\t\t\tVision Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t1972;\n\t\t\t\t\t12:\n\t\t\t\t\t1073\u20131081.","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(72)90098-3"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group.\n\t\t\t\t\tA randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Ophthalmol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2001;\n\t\t\t\t\t119:\n\t\t\t\t\t1417\u20131436.","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.119.10.1417"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGwin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJr,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJackson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOwsley\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tUsing nonlinear regression to estimate parameters of dark adaptation.\n\t\t\t\t\tBehav Res Methods Instrum Comput.\n\t\t\t\t\t1999;\n\t\t\t\t\t31:\n\t\t\t\t\t712\u2013717.","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03200752"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nelder\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMead\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tA simplex method for function minimization.\n\t\t\t\t\tThe Computer Journal.\n\t\t\t\t\t1965;\n\t\t\t\t\t7:\n\t\t\t\t\t308\u2013313.","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/7.4.308"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saari\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tVitamin A metabolism in rod and cone visual cycles.\n\t\t\t\t\tAnnu Rev Nutr.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t32:\n\t\t\t\t\t125\u2013145.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-071811-150748"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaylor\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYuan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tQ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCook\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tIdentification of DES1 as a vitamin A isomerase in Muller glial cells of the retina.\n\t\t\t\t\tNat Chem Biol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t9:\n\t\t\t\t\t30\u201336.","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.1114"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamb\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tWhy rods and cones?\n\t\t\t\t\tEye (Lond).\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t30:\n\t\t\t\t\t179\u2013185.","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2015.236"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOwsley\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCordle\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEP,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFinley\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tAging and scotopic sensitivity.\n\t\t\t\t\tVision Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t1998;\n\t\t\t\t\t38:\n\t\t\t\t\t3655\u20133662.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(98)00044-3"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Owsley\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJackson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWhite\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFeist\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEdwards\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tDelays in rod-mediated dark adaptation in early age-related maculopathy.\n\t\t\t\t\tOphthalmology.\n\t\t\t\t\t2001;\n\t\t\t\t\t108:\n\t\t\t\t\t1196\u20131202.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(01)00580-2"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Owsley\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMcGwin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJr,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tClark\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tME,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tDelayed rod-mediated dark adaptation is a functional biomarker for incident early age-related macular degeneration.\n\t\t\t\t\tOphthalmology.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t123:\n\t\t\t\t\t344\u2013351.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.09.041"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haimovici\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOwens\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSL,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFitzke\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFW,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBird\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tDark adaptation in age-related macular degeneration: relationship to the fellow eye.\n\t\t\t\t\tGraefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2002;\n\t\t\t\t\t240:\n\t\t\t\t\t90\u201395.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-001-0417-z"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scholl\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHP,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBellmann\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDandekar\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBird\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAC,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFitzke\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFW.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tPhotopic and scotopic fine matrix mapping of retinal areas of increased fundus autofluorescence in patients with age-related maculopathy.\n\t\t\t\t\tInvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t45:\n\t\t\t\t\t574\u2013583.","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0495"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-4-AMD202-b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOwsley\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCurcio\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tPhotoreceptor degeneration and dysfunction in aging and age-related maculopathy.\n\t\t\t\t\tAgeing Res Rev.\n\t\t\t\t\t2002;\n\t\t\t\t\t1:\n\t\t\t\t\t381\u2013396.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1568-1637(02)00007-7"}],"container-title":["Investigative Opthalmology &amp; Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2712939","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:30:52Z","timestamp":1791927052000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/iovs.18-24227"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,5]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.18-24227","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,5]]}}}