{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:58:39Z","timestamp":1791928719832,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]],"date-time":"2019-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549324800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]],"date-time":"2019-02-05T17:30:29Z","timestamp":1549387829000},"page":"590","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy: Outer Retinal and Choroidal Changes and Neovascularization Development in the Fellow Eye"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Jiwon","family":"Baek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chui Ming Gemmy","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore"},{"name":"Eye Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore"},{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sohee","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keye Eye Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Hyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Won Ki","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yannuzzi LA, Sorenson J, Spaide RF, Lipson B. Idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (IPCV). Retina. 1990; 10: 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-199010010-00001"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b02","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dansingani KK, Gal-Or O, Sadda SR, Yannuzzi LA, Freund KB. Understanding aneurysmal type 1 neovascularization (polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy): a lesson in the taxonomy of \u2018expanded spectra' - a review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2018; 46: 189\u2013200.","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13114"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b03","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheung CMG, Lee WK, Koizumi H, Dansingani K. Pachychoroid disease. Eye (Lond). 2019; 33: 14\u201333.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-018-0158-4"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b04","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Byeon SH, Lee SC, Oh HS, Kim SS, Koh HJ, Kwon OW. Incidence and clinical patterns of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in Korean patients. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2008; 52: 57\u201362.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-007-0498-2"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b05","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maruko I, Iida T, Saito M, Nagayama D, Saito K. Clinical characteristics of exudative age-related macular degeneration in Japanese patients. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007; 144: 15\u201322.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.03.047"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b06","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sho K, Takahashi K, Yamada H, et al. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: incidence, demographic features, and clinical characteristics. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003; 121: 1392\u20131396.","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.121.10.1392"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b07","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen F, Chen C, Wu D, Li H. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in elderly Chinese patients. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2004; 242: 625\u2013629.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-003-0667-z"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b08","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciardella AP, Donsoff IM, Huang SJ, Costa DL, Yannuzzi LA. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Surv Ophthalmol. 2004; 49: 25\u201337.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2003.10.007"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b09","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imamura Y, Engelbert M, Iida T, Freund KB, Yannuzzi LA. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: a review. Surv Ophthalmol. 2010; 55: 501\u2013515.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2010.03.004"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu Y, Wen F, Huang S, et al. Subtype lesions of neovascular age-related macular degeneration in Chinese patients. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2007; 245: 1441\u20131445.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-007-0575-8"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan WM, Lam DS, Lai TY, et al. Photodynamic therapy with verteporfin for symptomatic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: one-year results of a prospective case series. Ophthalmology. 2004; 111: 1576\u20131584.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.12.056"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheung CM, Li X, Cheng CY, et al. Prevalence, racial variations, and risk factors of age-related macular degeneration in Singaporean Chinese, Indians, and Malays. Ophthalmology. 2014; 121: 1598\u20131603.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.02.004"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomi F, Tano Y. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and treatments. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2008; 19: 208\u2013212.","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0b013e3282fb7c33"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stangos AN, Gandhi JS, Nair-Sahni J, Heimann H, Pournaras CJ, Harding SP. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy masquerading as neovascular age-related macular degeneration refractory to ranibizumab. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010; 150: 666\u2013673.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2010.05.035"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baek J, Lee JH, Lee WK. Clinical relevance of aqueous vascular endothelial growth factor levels in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Retina. 2017; 37: 943\u2013950.","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001284"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tong JP, Chan WM, Liu DT, et al. Aqueous humor levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and pigment epithelium-derived factor in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and choroidal neovascularization. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006; 141: 456\u2013462.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.10.012"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayashi H, Yamashiro K, Gotoh N, et al. CFH and ARMS2 variations in age-related macular degeneration, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, and retinal angiomatous proliferation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010; 51: 5914\u20135919.","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5554"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kondo N, Honda S, Ishibashi K, Tsukahara Y, Negi A. LOC387715\/HTRA1 variants in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and age-related macular degeneration in a Japanese population. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007; 144: 608\u2013612.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.06.003"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang XY, Lai TY, Liu DT, et al. Differentiation of exudative age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in the ARMS2\/HTRA1 locus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012; 53: 3175\u20133182.","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8135"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b20","unstructured":"Yanagisawa S, Kondo N, Miki A, et al. Difference between age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in the hereditary contribution of the A69S variant of the age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 gene (ARMS2). Mol Vis. 2011; 17: 3574\u20133582."},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guyer DR, Yannuzzi LA, Slakter JS, Sorenson JA, Hope-Ross M, Orlock DR. Digital indocyanine-green videoangiography of occult choroidal neovascularization. Ophthalmology. 1994; 101: 1727\u20131735; discussion 1735\u20131727.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(13)31433-X"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pang CE, Freund KB. Pachychoroid neovasculopathy. Retina. 2015; 35: 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000331"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warrow DJ, Hoang QV, Freund KB. Pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy. Retina. 2013; 33: 1659\u20131672.","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182953df4"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chung SE, Kang SW, Lee JH, Kim YT. Choroidal thickness in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and exudative age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2011; 118: 840\u2013845.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.012"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koizumi H, Yamagishi T, Yamazaki T, Kawasaki R, Kinoshita S. Subfoveal choroidal thickness in typical age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2011; 249: 1123\u20131128.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-011-1620-1"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou J, Tao Y, Li XX, Zhao MW. Clinical characteristics of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in Chinese patients. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2011; 249: 975\u2013979.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-010-1575-7"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan KN, Mahroo OA, Khan RS, et al. Differentiating drusen: drusen and drusen-like appearances associated with ageing, age-related macular degeneration, inherited eye disease and other pathological processes. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2016; 53: 70\u2013106.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2016.04.008"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee MY, Ham DI. Subretinal drusenoid deposits with increased autofluorescence in eyes with reticular pseudodrusen. Retina. 2014; 34: 69\u201376.","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e318295f701"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang SW, Lee H, Bae K, et al. Investigation of precursor lesions of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy using contralateral eye findings. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2017; 255: 281\u2013291.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-016-3452-5"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spaide RF. Disease expression in nonexudative age-related macular degeneration varies with choroidal thickness. Retina. 2018; 38: 708\u2013716.","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001689"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee WK, Baek J, Dansingani KK, Lee JH, Freund KB. Choroidal morphology in eyes with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and normal or subnormal subfoveal choroidal thickness. Retina. 2016; 36 (suppl 1): S73\u2013S82.","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001346"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Branchini LA, Adhi M, Regatieri CV, et al. Analysis of choroidal morphologic features and vasculature in healthy eyes using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology. 2013; 120: 1901\u20131908.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.01.066"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green WR, Key SN, III, Senile macular degeneration: a histopathologic study. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1977; 75: 180\u2013254.","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-200507001-00005"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green WR, McDonnell PJ, Yeo JH. Pathologic features of senile macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 1985; 92: 615\u2013627.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(85)33993-3"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson PT, Lewis GP, Talaga KC, et al. Drusen-associated degeneration in the retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003; 44: 4481\u20134488.","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0436"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macular Photocoagulation Study Group. Risk factors for choroidal neovascularization in the second eye of patients with juxtafoveal or subfoveal choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997; 115: 741\u2013747.","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1997.01100150743009"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maguire MG, Daniel E, Shah AR, et al. Incidence of choroidal neovascularization in the fellow eye in the comparison of age-related macular degeneration treatments trials. Ophthalmology. 2013; 120: 2035\u20132041.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.03.017"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dansingani KK, Balaratnasingam C, Naysan J, Freund KB. En face imaging of pachychoroid spectrum disorders with swept-source optical coherence tomography. Retina. 2016; 36: 499\u2013516.","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000742"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujimoto H, Gomi F, Wakabayashi T, Sawa M, Tsujikawa M, Tano Y. Morphologic changes in acute central serous chorioretinopathy evaluated by fourier-domain optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology. 2008; 115: 1494\u20131500.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.01.021"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts P, Baumann B, Lammer J, et al. Retinal pigment epithelial features in central serous chorioretinopathy identified by polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2016; 57: 1595\u20131603.","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18494"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta P, Gupta V, Dogra MR, Singh R, Gupta A. Morphological changes in the retinal pigment epithelium on spectral-domain OCT in the unaffected eyes with idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy. Int Ophthalmol. 2010; 30: 175\u2013181.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-009-9302-2"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dansingani KK, Balaratnasingam C, Klufas MA, Sarraf D, Freund KB. Optical coherence tomography angiography of shallow irregular pigment epithelial detachments in pachychoroid spectrum disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 2015; 160: 1243\u20131254.e2.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.08.028"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim JW, Jang SY, Park TK, Ohn YH. Short-term clinical observation of acute retinal pigment epitheliitis using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2011; 25: 222\u2013224.","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2011.25.3.222"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sikorski BL, Bukowska D, Kaluzny JJ, Szkulmowski M, Kowalczyk A, Wojtkowski M. Drusen with accompanying fluid underneath the sensory retina. Ophthalmology. 2011; 118: 82\u201392.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.04.017"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curcio CA, Balaratnasingam C, Messinger JD, Yannuzzi LA, Freund KB. Correlation of type 1 neovascularization associated with acquired vitelliform lesion in the setting of age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol. 2015; 160: 1024\u20131033.e3.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.08.001"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakashizuka H, Mitsumata M, Okisaka S, et al. Clinicopathologic findings in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008; 49: 4729\u20134737.","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2134"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayashi K, Ohno-Matsui K, Kojima A, et al. Retinal pigment epithelium atrophy secondary to dilated choroidal artery in the macula of a highly myopic patient. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2005; 49: 153\u2013158.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-004-0153-0"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b48","unstructured":"Korte GE, Reppucci V, Henkind P. RPE destruction causes choriocapillary atrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1984; 25: 1135\u20131145."},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saint-Geniez M, Kurihara T, Sekiyama E, Maldonado AE, D'Amore PA. An essential role for RPE-derived soluble VEGF in the maintenance of the choriocapillaris. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009; 106: 18751\u201318756.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0905010106"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mullins RF, Johnson MN, Faidley EA, Skeie JM, Huang J. Choriocapillaris vascular dropout related to density of drusen in human eyes with early age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011; 52: 1606\u20131612.","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6476"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sohn EH, Flamme-Wiese MJ, Whitmore SS, Wang K, Tucker BA, Mullins RF. Loss of CD34 expression in aging human choriocapillaris endothelial cells. PLoS One. 2014; 9: e86538.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086538"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McLeod DS, Grebe R, Bhutto I, Merges C, Baba T, Lutty GA. Relationship between RPE and choriocapillaris in age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009; 50: 4982\u20134991.","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3639"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fung AT, Yannuzzi LA, Freund KB. Type 1 (sub-retinal pigment epithelial) neovascularization in central serous chorioretinopathy masquerading as neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Retina. 2012; 32: 1829\u20131837.","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182680a66"},{"key":"i1552-5783-60-2-590-b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim YT, Kang SW, Chung SE, Kong MG, Kim JH. Development of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in unaffected fellow eyes. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012; 96: 1217\u20131221.","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2012-301644"}],"container-title":["Investigative Opthalmology &amp; Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2724309","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:31:12Z","timestamp":1791927072000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/iovs.18-24244"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.18-24244","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]]}}}