{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:58:07Z","timestamp":1791928687854,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,6]],"date-time":"2018-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544054400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,6]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,6]],"date-time":"2018-12-06T17:22:53Z","timestamp":1544116973000},"page":"5816","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Binocular Summation for Reflexive Eye Movements: A Potential Diagnostic Tool for Stereodeficiencies"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"Quaia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edmond J.","family":"FitzGibbon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lance M.","family":"Optican","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce G.","family":"Cumming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fawcett SL, Wang YZ, Birch EE. The critical period for susceptibility of human stereopsis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005; 46: 521\u2013525.","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0175"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b02","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norcia AM, Gerhard HE. Development of three-dimensional perception in human infants. Annu Rev Vis Sci. 2015; 1: 569\u2013594.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-082114-035835"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b03","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birch EE, Fawcett S, Stager DR. Why does early surgical alignment improve stereoacuity outcomes in infantile esotropia? J AAPOS. 2000; 4: 10\u201314.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1091-8531(00)90005-3"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b04","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jonas DE, Amick HR, Wallace IF, et al. Vision screening in children aged 6 months to 5 years: evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2017; 318: 845\u2013858.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.9900"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b05","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quaia C, Optican LM, Cumming BG. Binocular summation for reflexive eye movements. J Vis. 2018; 18 (4): 7.","DOI":"10.1167\/18.4.7"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b06","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miles FA, Kawano K, Optican LM. Short-latency ocular following responses of monkey. I. Dependence on temporospatial properties of visual input. J Neurophysiol. 1986; 56: 1321\u20131354.","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1986.56.5.1321"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b07","unstructured":"Robinson DA. A method of measuring eye movement using a scleral search coil in a magnetic field. IEEE T Bio-Med Eng. 1963; 10: 137\u2013145."},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b08","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collewijn H, van der Mark F, Jansen TC. Precise recording of human eye movements. Vision Res. 1975; 15: 447\u2013450.","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(75)90098-X"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b09","unstructured":"Hays AV, Richmond BJ, Optican LM. A UNIX-based multiple process system for real-time data acquisition and control. In: WESCON Conference Proceedings. 1982; 1\u201310."},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brainard DH. The psychophysics toolbox. Spat Vis. 1997; 10: 433\u2013436.","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moulden B, Kingdom F, Gatley LF. The standard deviation of luminance as a metric for contrast in random-dot images. Perception. 1990; 19: 79\u2013101.","DOI":"10.1068\/p190079"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kukkonen H, Rovamo J, Tiippana K, N\u00e4s\u00e4nen R. Michelson contrast, RMS contrast and energy of various spatial stimuli at threshold. Vision Res. 1993; 33: 1431\u20131436.","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(93)90049-3"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quaia C, Optican LM, Cumming BG. Terminator disparity contributes to stereo matching for eye movements and perception. J Neurosci. 2013; 33: 18867\u201318879.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3332-13.2013"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bostrom KJ, Warzecha AK. Open-loop speed discrimination performance of ocular following response and perception. Vision Res. 2010; 50: 870\u2013882.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2010.02.010"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quaia C, Sheliga BM, Fitzgibbon EJ, Optican LM. Ocular following in humans: spatial properties. J Vis. 2012; 12 (4): 13.","DOI":"10.1167\/12.4.13"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Efron B. The Jackknife, the Bootstrap, and Other Resampling Plans. Philadelphia: SIAM; 1982.","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9781611970319"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolfe JM, Held R, Bauer JA. A binocular contribution to the production of optokinetic nystagmus in normal and stereoblind subjects. Vision Res. 1981; 21: 587\u2013590.","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(81)90105-X"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Formankiewicz MA, Mollon JD. The psychophysics of detecting binocular discrepancies of luminance. Vision Res. 2009; 49: 1929\u20131938.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2009.05.001"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banks MS, Hoffman DM, Kim J, Wetzstein G. 3D displays. Annu Rev Vis Sci. 2016; 2: 397\u2013435.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-082114-035800"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cumming BG. An unexpected specialization for horizontal disparity in primate primary visual cortex. Nature. 2002; 418: 633\u2013636.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00909"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durand JB, Celebrini S, Trotter Y. Neural bases of stereopsis across visual field of the alert macaque monkey. Cereb Cortex. 2007; 17: 1260\u20131273.","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhl050"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braddick O, Atkinson J, Julesz B, Kropfl W, Bodis-Wollner I, Raab E. Cortical binocularity in infants. Nature. 1980; 288: 363\u2013365.","DOI":"10.1038\/288363a0"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fox R, Aslin RN, Shea SL, Dumais ST. Stereopsis in human infants. Science. 1980; 207: 323\u2013324.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7350666"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birch EE, Gwiazda J, Held R. The development of vergence does not account for the onset of stereopsis. Perception. 1983; 12: 331\u2013336.","DOI":"10.1068\/p120331"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b25","unstructured":"Birch EE, Shimojo S, Held R. Preferential-looking assessment of fusion and stereopsis in infants aged 1-6 months. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1985; 26: 366\u2013370."},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shimojo S, Bauer J, O'Connell KM, Held R. Pre-stereoptic binocular vision in infants. Vision Res. 1986; 26: 501\u2013510.","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(86)90193-8"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norcia AM, Gerhard HE, Meredith WJ. Development of relative disparity sensitivity in human visual cortex. J Neurosci. 2017; 37: 5608\u20135619.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3570-16.2017"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b28","unstructured":"Leguire LE, Rogers GL, Bremer DL. Visual-evoked response binocular summation in normal and strabismic infants. Defining the critical period. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1991; 32: 126\u2013133."},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blake R, Fox R. The psychophysical inquiry into binocular summation. Percept Psychophys. 1973; 14: 161\u2013185.","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03198631"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams R. The effect of strabismus on dichoptic summation of form information. Vision Res. 1974; 14: 307\u2013309.","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(74)90081-9"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Westendorf DH, Langston A, Chambers D, Allegretti C. Binocular detection by normal and stereoblind observers. Percept Psychophys. 1978; 24: 209\u2013214.","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206090"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lema SA, Blake R. Binocular summation in normal and stereoblind humans. Vision Res. 1977; 17: 691\u2013695.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(77)80004-7"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pineles SL, Velez FG, Isenberg SJ, et al. Functional burden of strabismus: decreased binocular summation and binocular inhibition. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013; 131: 1413\u20131419.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.4484"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b34","unstructured":"Birch EE, Held R. The development of binocular summation in human infants. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1983; 24: 1103\u20131107."},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b35","unstructured":"Shea SL, Doussard-Roosevelt JA, Aslin RN. Pupillary measures of binocular luminance summation in infants and stereoblind adults. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1985; 26: 1064\u20131070."},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b36","unstructured":"Atkinson J. Developmental Neurobiology of Vision. Boston, MA: Springer US; 1979."},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naegele JR, Held R. The postnatal development of monocular optokinetic nystagmus in infants. Vision Research. 1982; 22: 341\u2013346.","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(82)90149-3"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demer JL, von Noorden GK. Optokinetic asymmetry in esotropia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1988; 25: 286\u2013292.","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-19881101-08"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joshi AC, Agaoglu MN, Das VE. Comparison of naso-temporal asymmetry during monocular smooth pursuit, optokinetic nystagmus, and ocular following response in strabismic monkeys. Strabismus. 2017; 25: 47\u201355.","DOI":"10.1080\/09273972.2017.1317821"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rakic P. Genesis of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in the rhesus monkey: site and time of origin, kinetics of proliferation, routes of migration and pattern of distribution of neurons. J Comp Neurol. 1977; 176: 23\u201352.","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901760103"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Movshon JA, Kiorpes L, Hawken MJ, Cavanaugh JR. Functional maturation of the macaque's lateral geniculate nucleus. J Neurosci. 2005; 25: 2712\u20132722.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2356-04.2005"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiorpes L, Movshon JA. Development of sensitivity to visual motion in macaque monkeys. Vis Neurosci. 2004; 21: 851\u2013859.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523804216054"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiorpes L, Price T, Hall-Haro C, Movshon JA. Development of sensitivity to global form and motion in macaque monkeys (Macaca nemestrina). Vision Res. 2012; 63: 34\u201342.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2012.04.018"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilmore RO, Baker TJ, Grobman KH. Stability in young infants' discrimination of optic flow. Dev Psychol. 2004; 40: 259\u2013270.","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.40.2.259"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shirai N, Kanazawa S, Yamaguchi MK. Sensitivity to rotational motion in early infancy. Exp Brain Res. 2008; 190: 201\u2013206.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008-1461-2"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wattam-Bell J, Birtles D, Nystr\u00f6m P, et al. Reorganization of global form and motion processing during human visual development. Curr Biol. 2010; 20: 411\u2013415.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.12.020"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takemura A, Kawano K. Sensory-to-motor processing of the ocular-following response. Neurosci Res. 2002; 43: 201\u2013206.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-0102(02)00044-5"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b48","unstructured":"Miles FA, Sheliga BM. Dynamics of Visual Motion Processing: Neuronal, Behavioral, and Computational Approaches. New York, NY: Springer; 2010."},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masson GS, Perrinet LU. The behavioral receptive field underlying motion integration for primate tracking eye movements. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2012; 36: 1\u201325.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2011.03.009"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobs M, Harris CM, Shawkat F, Taylor D. Smooth pursuit development in infants. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol. 1997; 25: 199\u2013206.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.1997.tb01392.x"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simoncini C, Perrinet LU, Montagnini A, Mamassian P, Masson GS. More is not always better: adaptive gain control explains dissociation between perception and action. Nat Neurosci. 2012; 15: 1596\u20131603.","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3229"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-5816-b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohnishi Y, Kawano K, Miura K. Temporal impulse response function of the visual system estimated from ocular following responses in humans. Neurosci Res. 2016; 113: 56\u201362.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2016.08.001"}],"container-title":["Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2718278","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:31:00Z","timestamp":1791927060000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/iovs.18-24520"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,6]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.18-24520","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,6]]}}}