{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:58:10Z","timestamp":1791928690516,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,20]],"date-time":"2018-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545264000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,20]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,20]],"date-time":"2018-12-20T22:43:34Z","timestamp":1545345814000},"page":"6045","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Optic Nerve Degeneration and Reduced Contrast Sensitivity Due to Folic Acid Deficiency: A Behavioral and Electrophysiological Study in Rhesus Monkeys"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Elisa","family":"Santandrea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Sani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"},{"name":"The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianpaolo","family":"Morbioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Centre of Experimental Research Service, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Multari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CVO Fontane, Centro Veterinario Oculistico, Fontane di Villorba, Treviso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Marchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Chelazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"},{"name":"National Institute of Neuroscience, Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Congdon NG, West KP. Nutrition and the eye. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 1999; 10: 464\u2013473.","DOI":"10.1097\/00055735-199912000-00016"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b02","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orssaud C, Roche O, Dufier JL. Nutritional optic neuropathies. J Neurol Sci. 2007; 262: 158\u2013164.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2007.06.038"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b03","unstructured":"Shams PN, Plant GT. Optic neuritis: a review. Int MS J. 2009; 16: 82\u201389."},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b04","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizzo JF III. Adenosine triphosphate deficiency: a genre of optic neuropathy. Neurology. 1995; 45: 11\u201316.","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.1.11"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b05","unstructured":"Chisholm IA. Serum cobalamin and folate in the optic neuropathy associated with tobacco smoking. Can J Ophthal. 1978; 13: 105\u2013109."},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b06","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knox DL, Chen MF, Guilarte TR, Dang CV, Bumette J. Nutritional amblyopia: folic acid, vitamin B-12, and other vitamins. Retina. 1982; 2: 288\u2013293.","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-198200000-00014"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b07","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golnik KC, Schaible ER. Folate-responsive optic neuropathy. J Neuroophtalmol. 1994; 14: 163\u2013169.","DOI":"10.1097\/00041327-199409000-00008"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b08","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu CT, Miller NR, Wray ML. Optic neuropathy from folic acid deficiency without alcohol abuse. Opthalmologica. 2002; 216: 65\u201367.","DOI":"10.1159\/000048300"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b09","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Silva P, Jayamanne G, Bolton R. Folic acid deficiency optic neuropathy: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2008; 2: 299.","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-2-299"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kesler A, Pianka P. Toxic optic neuropathy. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2003; 3: 10\u201314.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-003-0024-y"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krohn PL, Oxnard CE, Chalmers JN. Vitamin B12 in the serum of the rhesus monkey. Nature. 1963; 197: 186.","DOI":"10.1038\/197186a0"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wadia NH, Desai MM, Quadros EV, Dastur DK. Role of vegetarianism, smoking, and hydroxocobalamin in optic neuritis. Br Med J. 1972; 3: 264\u2013267.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.3.5821.264"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chester EM, Agamanolis DP, Harris JW, Victor M, Hines JD, Kark JA. Optic atrophy in experimental vitamin B12 deficiency in monkeys. Acta Neurol Scand. 1980; 61: 9\u201326.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1980.tb02991.x"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b14","unstructured":"Bront\u00eb-Stewart J, Pettigrew AR, Foulds WS. Toxic optic neuropathy and its experimental production. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1976; 96: 355\u2013358."},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizzo JF III, Lessell S. Tobacco amblyopia. Am J Ophthalmol. 1993; 116: 84\u201387.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)71749-0"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b16","unstructured":"Robinson DA. A method of measuring eye movements using a scleral search coil in a magnetic field. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1963; 101: 131\u2013145."},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirabella G, Bertini G, Samengo I, et al. Neurons in area V4 of the macaque translate attended visual features into behaviorally relevant categories. Neuron. 2007; 54: 303\u2013318.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.04.007"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barlow HB, Blakemore C, Pettigrew JD. The neural mechanism of binocular depth discrimination. J Physiol. 1967; 193: 327\u2013342.","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1967.sp008360"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desimone R, Schein SJ. Visual properties of neurons in area V4 of the macaque: sensitivity to stimulus form. J Neurophysiol. 1987; 57: 835\u2013868.","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1987.57.3.835"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Judge SJ, Richmond BJ, Chu FC. Implantation of magnetic search coils for measurement of eye position: an improved method. Vision Res. 1980; 20: 535\u2013538.","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(80)90128-5"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albrecht DG, Hamilton DB. Striate cortex of monkey and cat: contrast response function. J Neurophysiol. 1982; 48: 217\u2013237.","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1982.48.1.217"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pelli DG, Bex P. Measuring contrast sensitivity. Vis Res. 2013; 90: 10\u201314.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2013.04.015"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gawne TJ, Kjaer TW, Richmond BJ. Latency: another potential code for feature binding in striate cortex. J Neurophysiol. 1996; 76: 1356\u20131360.","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1996.76.2.1356"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee J, Williford T, Maunsell JH. Spatial attention and the latency of neuronal responses in macaque area V4. J Neurosci. 2007; 27: 9632\u20139637.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2734-07.2007"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sani I, Santandrea E, Golzar A, Morrone MC, Chelazzi L. Selective tuning for contrast in macaque area V4. J Neurosci. 2013; 33: 18583\u201318596.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3465-13.2013"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sani I, Santandrea E, Morrone MC, Chelazzi L. Temporally evolving gain mechanisms of attention in macaque area V4. J Neurophysiol. 2017; 118: 964\u2013985.","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00522.2016"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiorpes L, Kiper DC. Development of contrast sensitivity across the visual field in macaque monkeys (Macaca nemestrina). Vision Res. 1996; 36: 239\u2013247.","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(95)00097-J"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicolosi RJ, Hunt RD. Dietary allowances for nutrients in nonhuman primates. In: Hayes KC, ed. Primates in Nutritional Research. New York: Academic Press; 1979: 11\u201337.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-334250-8.50007-5"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venter FS, Cloete H, Seier JV, Faber M, Fincham JE. Folic acid and vitamin B12 status of vervet monkeys used for nutritional research. Lab Anim. 1993; 27: 59\u201364.","DOI":"10.1258\/002367793781082386"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b30","unstructured":"National Research Council. Nutrient Requirements of Nonhuman Primates. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press: 2003."},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schein SJ, Desimone R. Spectral properties of V4 neurons in the macaque. J Neurosci. 1990; 10: 3369\u20133389.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.10-10-03369.1990"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roe AW, Chelazzi L, Connor CE, et al. Toward a unified theory of visual area V4. Neuron. 2012; 74: 12\u201329.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.03.011"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng K, Hasegawa T, Saleem KS, Tanaka K. Comparison of neuronal selectivity for stimulus speed, length, and contrast in the prestriate visual cortical areas V4 and MT of the macaque monkey. J Neurophysiol. 1994; 71: 2269\u20132280.","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1994.71.6.2269"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitchell JF, Sundberg KA, Reynolds JH. Differential attention-dependent response modulation across cell classes in macaque visual area V4. Neuron. 2007; 55: 131\u2013141.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.06.018"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albrecht DG. Visual cortex neurons in monkey and cat: effect of contrast on the spatial and temporal phase transfer functions. Vis Neurosci. 1995; 12: 1191\u20131210.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800006817"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sundberg KA, Mitchell JF, Gawne TJ, Reynolds JH. Attention influences single unit and local field potential response latencies in visual cortical area V4. J Neurosci. 2012; 32: 16040\u201316050.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0489-12.2012"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Regan D, Silver R, Murray TJ. Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in multiple sclerosis: hidden visual loss. Brain. 1977; 100: 563\u2013573.","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/100.3.563"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zimmern RL, Campbell FW, Wilkinson IMS. Subtle disturbances of vision after optic neuritis elicited by studying contrast sensitivity. J Neurol. 1979; 42: 407\u2013412.","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.42.5.407"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao D, Zele AJ, Pokorny J, et al. Funtional loss in the magnocellular and parvocellular pathways in patients with optic neuritis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011; 52: 8900\u20138907.","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7644"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waxman SG. Conduction in myelinated, unmyelinated, and demyelinated fibers. Arch Neurol. 1977; 34: 585\u2013589.","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1977.00500220019003"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b41","unstructured":"Halliday AM, McDonald WI, Mushin J. Delayed pattern visual evoked responses in optic neuritis in relation to visual acuity. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1973; 93: 315\u2013324."},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plant GT. Transient visually evoked potentials to sinusoidal gratings in optic neuritis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1983; 46: 1125\u20131133.","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.46.12.1125"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burton EV, Greenberg BM, Frohman EM. Optic neuritis: a mechanistic view. Pathophysiol. 2011; 18: 81\u201392.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathophys.2010.04.009"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holdeman NR, Nguyen T, Tang RA. Demyelinating optic neuritis presenting as a clinically isolated syndrome. Optometry. 2012; 83: 9\u201318.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optm.2011.10.010"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin-Amat G, McMartin KE, Hayreh SS, Hayreh MS, Tephly TR. Methanol poisoning: ocular toxicity produced by formate. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1979; 45: 201\u2013208.","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(78)90040-6"},{"key":"i1552-5783-59-15-6045-b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takao H, Doi I, Watanabe T. Serial diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in methanol intoxication. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2006; 30: 742\u2013744.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rct.0000228165.16592.0d"}],"container-title":["Investigative Opthalmology &amp; Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2719497","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:31:00Z","timestamp":1791927060000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?doi=10.1167\/iovs.18-24822"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,20]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.18-24822","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,20]]}}}