{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:58:59Z","timestamp":1791928739649,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]],"date-time":"2020-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585526400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.3.48","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]],"date-time":"2020-03-30T20:30:52Z","timestamp":1585600252000},"page":"48","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Diabetic Neuropathy Is Characterized by Progressive Corneal Nerve Fiber Loss in the Central and Inferior Whorl Regions"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Maryam","family":"Ferdousi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiac Centre, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and NIHR\/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alise","family":"Kalteniece","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiac Centre, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and NIHR\/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Petropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Research Division, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shazli","family":"Azmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiac Centre, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and NIHR\/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaishav","family":"Dhage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiac Centre, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and NIHR\/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiac Centre, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and NIHR\/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J M.","family":"Boulton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiac Centre, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and NIHR\/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Efron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland University of Technology, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catharina G.","family":"Faber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Lauria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroalgology Unit and Skin Biopsy, Peripheral Neuropathy and Neuropathic Pain Center, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Foundation \u201cCarlo Besta\u201d Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Handrean","family":"Soran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiac Centre, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and NIHR\/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rayaz A.","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiac Centre, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and NIHR\/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Research Division, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200105000-00008","article-title":"Morphology of corneal nerves using confocal microscopy","volume":"20","author":"Oliveira Soto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cornea."},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3646","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-0193","article-title":"Corneal nerve loss detected with corneal confocal microscopy is symmetrical and related to the severity of diabetic polyneuropathy","volume":"36","author":"Petropoulos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0123517","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123517","article-title":"Corneal confocal microscopy detects neuropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes without retinopathy or microalbuminuria","volume":"10","author":"Petropoulos","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4653-8","article-title":"Corneal confocal microscopy for identification of diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy: a pooled multinational consortium study","volume":"61","author":"Perkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4485","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0794","article-title":"Mapping of the normal human corneal sub-basal nerve plexus by in vivo laser scanning confocal microscopy","volume":"46","author":"Patel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(03)00050-2","article-title":"Corneal nerves: structure, contents and function","volume":"76","author":"Muller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-003-1086-8","article-title":"Corneal confocal microscopy: a non-invasive surrogate of nerve fibre damage and repair in diabetic patients","volume":"46","author":"Malik","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2014.02.011","article-title":"Longitudinal assessment of neuropathy in type 1 diabetes using novel ophthalmic markers (LANDMark): study design and baseline characteristics","volume":"104","author":"Pritchard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13794","article-title":"Differences and similarities in development of corneal nerve damage and peripheral neuropathy and in diet-induced obesity and type 2 diabetic rats","volume":"55","author":"Davidson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15919","article-title":"The inferior whorl for detecting diabetic peripheral neuropathy using corneal confocal microscopy","volume":"56","author":"Petropoulos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21643-z","article-title":"Greater corneal nerve loss at the inferior whorl is related to the presence of diabetic neuropathy and painful diabetic neuropathy","volume":"8","author":"Kalteniece","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5417","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-16609","article-title":"Imaging of the corneal subbasal whorl-like nerve plexus: more accurate depiction of the extent of corneal nerve damage in patients with diabetes","volume":"56","author":"Utsunomiya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000447","article-title":"Utility of assessing nerve morphology in central cornea versus whorl area for diagnosing diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"34","author":"Pritchard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cornea."},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000760","article-title":"Risk factors associated with corneal nerve alteration in type 1 diabetes in the absence of neuropathy: a longitudinal in vivo corneal confocal microscopy study","volume":"35","author":"Dehghani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cornea."},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3195","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-13959","article-title":"Morphometric stability of the corneal subbasal nerve plexus in healthy individuals: a 3-year longitudinal study using corneal confocal microscopy","volume":"55","author":"Dehghani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7982","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15605","article-title":"Natural history of corneal nerve morphology in mild neuropathy associated with type 1 diabetes: development of a potential measure of diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"55","author":"Dehghani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00400697","article-title":"A multicentre study of the prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in the United Kingdom hospital clinic population","volume":"36","author":"Young","year":"1993","journal-title":"Diabetologia."},{"key":"bib18","first-page":"2194","article-title":"Corneal confocal microscopy: a novel non-invasive technique to quantify small fibre pathology in peripheral neuropathies","volume":"47","author":"Tavakoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vis Exp."},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0183040","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183040","article-title":"Corneal confocal microscopy is a rapid reproducible ophthalmic technique for quantifying corneal nerve abnormalities","volume":"12","author":"Kalteniece","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2454","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-1819","article-title":"Early detection of nerve fiber loss by corneal confocal microscopy and skin biopsy in recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes","volume":"63","author":"Ziegler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes."},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0253","article-title":"Corneal confocal microscopy: a novel noninvasive test to diagnose and stratify the severity of human diabetic neuropathy","volume":"33","author":"Tavakoli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.2011.28.issue-10","article-title":"Reproducibility of in vivo corneal confocal microscopy as a novel screening test for early diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy","volume":"28","author":"Hertz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabet Med."},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1396","article-title":"Detection of diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy by corneal confocal microscopy in type 1 diabetes: a concurrent validity study","volume":"35","author":"Ahmed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2015.02.006","article-title":"In vivo corneal confocal microscopy and prediction of future-incident neuropathy in type 1 diabetes: a preliminary longitudinal analysis","volume":"39","author":"Lovblom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can J Diabetes."},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.03.015","article-title":"What is the best strategy on detection of cornea neuropathy in people with diabetes? Recent advances in potential measurements","volume":"142","author":"Lv","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract."},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2017.04.025","article-title":"Corneal confocal microscopy best identifies the development and progression of neuropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes","volume":"31","author":"Edwards","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications."},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1303","article-title":"Diabetic neuropathies: update on definitions, diagnostic criteria, estimation of severity, and treatments","volume":"33","author":"Tesfaye","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0193452","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193452","article-title":"The influence of age, anthropometric and metabolic variables on LDIFLARE and corneal confocal microscopy in healthy individuals","volume":"13","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032782","article-title":"Vascular risk factors and diabetic neuropathy","volume":"352","author":"Tesfaye","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4959-1","article-title":"New insights into the mechanisms of diabetic complications: role of lipids and lipid metabolism","volume":"62","author":"Eid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologia."},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4897-y","article-title":"Early nerve fibre regeneration in individuals with type 1 diabetes after simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation","volume":"62","author":"Azmi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologia."},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2018.09.016","article-title":"Corneal confocal microscopy as a tool for detecting diabetic polyneuropathy in a cohort with screen-detected type 2 diabetes: ADDITION-Denmark","volume":"32","author":"Andersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications."}],"container-title":["Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2764052","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:31:20Z","timestamp":1791927080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2764052"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.61.3.48","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]]}}}