{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:59:07Z","timestamp":1791928747546,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]],"date-time":"2020-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585526400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.3.54","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]],"date-time":"2020-03-30T20:30:54Z","timestamp":1585600254000},"page":"54","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["PPAR-\u03b1 Agonist Fenofibrate Suppressed the Formation of Ocular Surface Squamous Metaplasia Induced by Topical Benzalkonium Chloride"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Huan","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Institute and Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minghui","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Institute and Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"},{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Institute and Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"},{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunrong","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Institute and Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xie","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Institute and Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Institute and Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"},{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianwen","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Institute and Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huping","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Institute and Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhirong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Institute and Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"},{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","first-page":"4886","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-? (PPAR-?) on non-obese diabetic mice with Sjogren's syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.011","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II pathophysiology report","volume":"15","author":"Bron","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02890425","article-title":"Squamous cell metaplasia in the human lung: molecular characteristics of epithelial stratification","volume":"61","author":"Leube","year":"1991","journal-title":"Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e31805c9cd9","article-title":"Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder: a clinicopathologic analysis of 45 cases","volume":"31","author":"Lagwinski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(85)33967-2","article-title":"Staging of conjunctival squamous metaplasia by impression cytology","volume":"92","author":"Tseng","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib6","first-page":"827","article-title":"The induction of keratinization in the corneal epithelium. A comparison of the \u201cdry\u201d and vitamin A-deficient eyes","volume":"9","author":"Beitch","year":"1970","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0883","article-title":"Air exposure induced squamous metaplasia of human limbal epithelium","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1002\/(ISSN)1096-9896","article-title":"Down-regulation of Pax6 is associated with abnormal differentiation of corneal epithelial cells in severe ocular surface diseases","volume":"214","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(88)33009-5","article-title":"Topical retinoid therapy for squamous metaplasia of various ocular surface disorders. A multicenter, placebo-controlled double-masked study","volume":"95","author":"Soong","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210301300201","article-title":"Impression cytology on conjunctiva and cornea in dry eye patients establishes a correlation between squamous metaplasia and dry eye clinical severity","volume":"13","author":"Murube","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4677","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of proinflammatory cytokine-mediated squamous metaplasia in human corneal epithelial cells","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib12","first-page":"563","article-title":"Immune profile of squamous metaplasia development in autoimmune regulator-deficient dry eye","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.08.005","article-title":"Nuclear receptors versus inflammation: mechanisms of transrepression","volume":"17","author":"Pascual","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2014.2041","article-title":"Decreased PPAR-? expression in the conjunctiva and increased expression of TNF-a and IL-1\u00df in the conjunctiva and tear fluid of dry eye mice","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2016.08.001","article-title":"PPAR? regulates mouse meibocyte differentiation and lipid synthesis","volume":"14","author":"Jester","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2018.07.004","article-title":"PPAR? regulates meibocyte differentiation and lipid synthesis of cultured human meibomian gland epithelial cells (hMGEC)","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.02.003","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis after PPARgamma activation in human meibomian gland epithelial cells (hMGEC)","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5494","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24504","article-title":"Sleep deprivation induces dry eye through inhibition of PPARa expression in corneal epithelium","volume":"59","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib19","first-page":"257","article-title":"A mouse dry eye model induced by topical administration of benzalkonium chloride","volume":"17","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1159\/000268009","article-title":"Combined non-steroidal therapy in experimental corneal injury","volume":"29","author":"Laria","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5473","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0728","article-title":"New tools for the evaluation of toxic ocular surface changes in the rat","volume":"48","author":"Pauly","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib22","first-page":"3510","article-title":"The phenol red thread tear test: a cross-cultural study","volume":"34","author":"Sakamoto","year":"1993","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/(ISSN)1097-4652","article-title":"The Ki-67 protein: from the known and the unknown","volume":"182","author":"Scholzen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0685","article-title":"Small proline-rich protein 1B (SPRR1B) is a biomarker for squamous metaplasia in dry eye disease","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0710409","article-title":"Obstacles and opportunities for understanding macrophage polarization","volume":"89","author":"Murray","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2015.04.005","article-title":"PPARa agonists inhibit inflammatory activation of macrophages through upregulation of \u00df-defensin 1","volume":"240","author":"Ann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1042\/cs1040027","article-title":"The inflammatory macrophage: a story of Jekyll and Hyde","volume":"104","author":"Duffield","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7617","article-title":"Amniotic membrane induces peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-? positive alternatively activated macrophages","volume":"53","author":"Bauer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4468","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-1781","article-title":"Suppression of activation and induction of apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells by amniotic membrane extract","volume":"49","author":"He","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib30","first-page":"1603","article-title":"Overexpression of interleukin-l7 in tumor-associated macrophages is correlated with the differentiation and angiogenesis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"125","author":"Meng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.2010.39.issue-7","article-title":"Association of macrophages with angiogenesis in oral verrucous and squamous cell carcinomas","volume":"39","author":"El-Rouby","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-015-0335-0","article-title":"Macrophage phenotype in the ocular surface of experimental murine dry eye disease","volume":"63","author":"You","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz)"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000078","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2017-000078","article-title":"Kinetics of corneal antigen presenting cells in experimental dry eye disease","volume":"1","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e318158f6dc","article-title":"Effects of sequential artificial tear and cyclosporine emulsion therapy on conjunctival goblet cell density and transforming growth factor-\u00df2 production","volume":"27","author":"Pflugfelder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8553","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of epidermal growth factor on benzalkonium chloride-induced dry eye in a mouse model","volume":"53","author":"Xiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"}],"container-title":["Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2764050","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:31:21Z","timestamp":1791927081000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2764050"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.61.3.54","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]]}}}