{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:59:05Z","timestamp":1791928745718,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]],"date-time":"2020-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586390400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.4.5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]],"date-time":"2020-04-09T14:14:50Z","timestamp":1586441690000},"page":"5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Noninvasive Electrical Stimulation Improves Photoreceptor Survival and Retinal Function in Mice with Inherited Photoreceptor Degeneration"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Honghua","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,United States"},{"name":"Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology,\nGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Enayati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,United States"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kinsang","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,United States"},{"name":"Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Office of Research and Development, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, Massachusetts,United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung Woo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mays","family":"Talib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarina","family":"Zihlavnikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamida","family":"Achour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,United States"},{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo,Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelley I.","family":"Fried","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tor Paaske","family":"Utheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,United States"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo,Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong Feng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a017285","article-title":"The status of RPE65 gene therapy trials: safety and efficacy","volume":"5","author":"Pierce","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.4114","article-title":"Phase 1 clinical study of an embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium patch in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"36","author":"Da Cruz","year":"2018;","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156134","article-title":"Alternating current stimulation for vision restoration after optic nerve damage: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Gall","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.217322","article-title":"Non-invasive electrical brain stimulation: from acute to late-stage treatment of central nervous system damage","volume":"12","author":"Henrich-Noack","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.07.017","article-title":"Electrical stimulation as a means for improving vision","volume":"186","author":"Sehic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.4.460","article-title":"The artificial silicon retina microchip for the treatment of vision loss from retinitis pigmentosa","volume":"122","author":"Chow","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4725","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1404","article-title":"Transcorneal electrical stimulation promotes the survival of photoreceptors and preserves retinal function in Royal College of Surgeons rats","volume":"48","author":"Morimoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4254","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-9067","article-title":"Transcorneal electrical stimulation promotes survival of photoreceptors and improves retinal function in rhodopsin P347L transgenic rabbits","volume":"53","author":"Morimoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib9","first-page":"571","article-title":"Transpalpebral electrotherapy for dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD): an exploratory trial","volume":"31","author":"Anastassiou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH","article-title":"Microcurrent stimulation in the treatment of dry and wet macular degeneration","volume":"9","author":"Chaikin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-007-0610-9","article-title":"Transcorneal electrical stimulation of retina to treat longstanding retinal artery occlusion","volume":"245","author":"Inomata","year":"2007","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e366","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13581","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of electro-stimulation therapies to modulate retinal blood flow and visual function in retinitis pigmentosa","volume":"96","author":"Bittner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib13","first-page":"2133","article-title":"Electrotherapeutic device\/protocol design considerations for visual disease applications","volume":"2009","author":"O'Clock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.2174\/1874364100802010132","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical retinal stimulation therapy for age-related macular degeneration","volume":"2","author":"Shinoda","year":"2008","journal-title":". Open Ophthalmol. J."},{"key":"bib15","first-page":"914","article-title":"The transcorneal electrical stimulation as a novel therapeutic strategy against retinal and optic neuropathy: a review of experimental and clinical trials","volume":"9","author":"Tao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4641","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2049","article-title":"Direct effect of electrical stimulation on induction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor from cultured retinal M\u00fcller cells","volume":"49","author":"Sato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.08.029","article-title":"Electrical stimulation ameliorates light-induced photoreceptor degeneration in vitro via suppressing the proinflammatory effect of microglia and enhancing the neurotrophic potential of M\u00fcller cells","volume":"238","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E4520","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1303604110","article-title":"CNTF-mediated protection of photoreceptors requires initial activation of the cytokine receptor gp130 in M\u00fcller glial cells","volume":"110","author":"Rhee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e3283140f25","article-title":"Induction of fibroblast growth factor-2 by electrical stimulation in cultured retinal Mueller cells","volume":"19","author":"Sato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-008-0533-y","article-title":"Effect of electrical stimulation on IGF-1 transcription by L-type calcium channels in cultured retinal M\u00fcller cells","volume":"52","author":"Sato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0425-3","article-title":"Restoration of vision after de novo genesis of rod photoreceptors in mammalian retinas","volume":"560","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib22","first-page":"506","article-title":"Evaluation of the rhodopsin knockout mouse as a model of pure cone function","volume":"42","author":"Jaissle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib23","first-page":"130","article-title":"Letters to the editor","volume":"234","author":"Rienzo","year":"2015"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.62.295","article-title":"Novel ROSA26 Cre-reporter knock-in C57BL\/6N mice exhibiting green emission before and red emission after Cre-mediated recombination","volume":"62","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Anim"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-1619","article-title":"Sox2 plays a role in the induction of amacrine and M\u00fcller glial cells in mouse retinal progenitor cells","volume":"50","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2011.09.001","article-title":"Sox2(+) adult stem and progenitor cells are important for tissue regeneration and survival of mice","volume":"9","author":"Arnold","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.288","article-title":"Minocycline inhibition of photoreceptor degeneration","volume":"127","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0434","article-title":"alpha-Aminoadipate induces progenitor cell properties of M\u00fcller glia in adult mice","volume":"49","author":"Takeda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0827","article-title":"Preventing retinal detachment-associated photoreceptor cell loss in Bax-deficient mice","volume":"45","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.06.016","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of transcorneal electrical stimulation on light-induced photoreceptor degeneration","volume":"219","author":"Ni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/(ISSN)1097-0177","article-title":"Growth factor-responsive progenitors in the postnatal mammalian retina","volume":"232","author":"Zhao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev Dyn."},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1399-9","article-title":"PEDF promotes retinal neurosphere formation and expansion in vitro","volume":"664","author":"De Marzo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.12.167","article-title":"Gene expression profiling and histomorphometric analyses of the early bone healing response around nanotextured implants","volume":"8","author":"Wazen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanomedicine (Lond)"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)00473-4","article-title":"Truncation of IGF-I yields two mitogens for retinal M\u00fcller glial cells","volume":"686","author":"Ikeda","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4485","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6932","article-title":"Transcorneal electrical stimulation for patients with retinitis pigmentosa: a prospective, randomized, sham-controlled exploratory study","volume":"52","author":"Schatz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96701","DOI":"10.1088\/0034-4885\/79\/9\/096701","article-title":"Electronic approaches to restoration of sight","volume":"79","author":"Goetz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rep. Prog. Phys."},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3723","article-title":"M\u00fcller glial cell reprogramming and retina regeneration","volume":"15","author":"Goldman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.v31.2","article-title":"Ephrin-A3 suppresses Wnt signaling to control retinal stem cell potency","volume":"31","author":"Fang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.v43:1","article-title":"Potential of M\u00fcller glia to become neurogenic retinal progenitor cells","volume":"43","author":"Fischer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5552","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10037","article-title":"Transcorneal electrical stimulation shows neuroprotective effects in retinas of light-exposed rats","volume":"53","author":"Schatz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12425","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012425","article-title":"Notch and Wnt signaling mediated rod photoreceptor regeneration by M\u00fcller cells in adult mammalian retina","volume":"5","author":"Del Debbio","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2013.11.011","article-title":"Mobilizing endogenous stem cells for retinal repair","volume":"163","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55001","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/6\/5\/055001","article-title":"Electrical activity enhances neuronal survival and regeneration","volume":"6","author":"Corredor","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.7.3.7","article-title":"Transcorneal electrical stimulation inhibits retinal microglial activation and enhances retinal ganglion cell survival after acute ocular hypertensive injury","volume":"7","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/08820530590921846","article-title":"Embryonic stem cells: potential source for ocular repair","volume":"20","author":"Haruta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Semin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00293.2012","article-title":"Responses to pulsatile subretinal electric stimulation: effects of amplitude and duration","volume":"2","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5301.844","article-title":"Calcium waves in retinal glial cells","volume":"275","author":"Newman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00849.2005","article-title":"A method for generating precise temporal patterns of retinal spiking using prosthetic stimulation","volume":"95","author":"Fried","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"016008","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/8\/1\/016008","article-title":"Multiple components of ganglion cell desensitization in response to prosthetic stimulation","volume":"8","author":"Freeman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0515","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of subretinal implants in the RCS rat","volume":"46","author":"Pardue","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69740-7","article-title":"Retinitis pigmentosa.","volume":"368","author":"Hartong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.09.028","article-title":"Interim results from the International Trial of Second Sight's visual prosthesis","volume":"119","author":"Humayun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2010.1747","article-title":"Subretinal electronic chips allow blind patients to read letters and combine them to words","volume":"278","author":"Zrenner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci."},{"key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.11.089","article-title":"Immunocytochemical analysis of retinal neurons under electrical stimulation","volume":"1255","author":"Ray","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"bib46","first-page":"153","article-title":"Response variability to high rates of electric stimulation in retinal ganglion cells","author":"Cai","year":"2011"}],"container-title":["Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2764406","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:31:20Z","timestamp":1791927080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2764406"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.61.4.5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]]}}}