{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:58:54Z","timestamp":1791928734237,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]],"date-time":"2020-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595808000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.8.35","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]],"date-time":"2020-07-27T10:32:59Z","timestamp":1595845979000},"page":"35","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Risk Factors Associated with Structural Progression in Normal-Tension Glaucoma: Intraocular Pressure, Systemic Blood Pressure, and Myopia"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Kwanghyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heon","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea"},{"name":"Kong Eye Clinic, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joo Yeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gong Je","family":"Seong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chan Yun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyoung Won","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","first-page":"563","article-title":"Normal-tension glaucoma: Pathogenesis and genetics","volume":"17","author":"Trivli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00919280","article-title":"Systemic blood pressure in glaucoma patients","volume":"231","author":"Kaiser","year":"1993","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib3","first-page":"141","article-title":"The Role of Systemic Blood Pressure in Glaucoma Progression","volume":"59","author":"Chiotoroiu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rom J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(02)00008-3","article-title":"The impact of ocular blood flow in glaucoma","volume":"21","author":"Flammer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.12.033","article-title":"Influence of the extent of myopia on the progression of normal-tension glaucoma","volume":"149","author":"Sohn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(01)00964-3","article-title":"Risk factors for progression of visual field abnormalities in normal-tension glaucoma","volume":"131","author":"Drance","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7010","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10268","article-title":"Factors that influence standard automated perimetry test results in glaucoma: test reliability, technician experience, time of day, and season","volume":"53","author":"Junoy Montolio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3468","article-title":"Evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer progression in glaucoma: a study on optical coherence tomography guided progression analysis","volume":"51","author":"Leung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.4.464","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography longitudinal evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in glaucoma","volume":"123","author":"Wollstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.09.015","article-title":"Baseline Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography structural risk factors for visual field progression in the Advanced Imaging for Glaucoma Study","volume":"172","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.11.014","article-title":"Optic disc torsion presenting as unilateral glaucomatous-appearing visual field defect in young myopic Korean eyes","volume":"121","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2952","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btm410","article-title":"CTree: comparison of clusters between phylogenetic trees made easy","volume":"23","author":"Archer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1198\/106186006X133933","article-title":"Unbiased recursive partitioning: a conditional inference framework","volume":"15","author":"Hothorn","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Comput Graph Stat"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.03.017","article-title":"Risk factors for incident open-angle glaucoma: the Barbados Eye Studies","volume":"115","author":"Leske","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-311359","article-title":"Inter-relationship between ocular perfusion pressure, blood pressure, intraocular pressure profiles and primary open-angle glaucoma: the Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Diseases Study","volume":"102","author":"Tham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib16","first-page":"54","article-title":"Diastolic blood pressure as a major determinant of tissue perfusion: potential clinical consequences","volume":"111","author":"Hulin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bratisl Lek Listy"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.297.6658.1227","article-title":"Coronary flow reserve and the J curve relation between diastolic blood pressure and myocardial infarction","volume":"297","author":"Cruickshank","year":"1988","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.07.754","article-title":"Diastolic blood pressure, subclinical myocardial damage, and cardiac events: implications for blood pressure control","volume":"68","author":"McEvoy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.5603\/CJ.a2017.0109","article-title":"Low diastolic blood pressure is associated with a high atherosclerotic burden in patients with obstructive coronary artery disease","volume":"25","author":"Senthong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiol J"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.07.060","article-title":"Fluctuation of intraocular pressure and glaucoma progression in the early manifest glaucoma trial","volume":"114","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0b013e318259b0c2","article-title":"Relationship between intraocular pressure and rate of visual field progression in treated glaucoma","volume":"22","author":"Rao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.02.017","article-title":"Predictive factors for glaucomatous visual field progression in the Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study","volume":"111","author":"Nouri-Mahdavi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.07.040","article-title":"Association between intraocular pressure variation and glaucoma progression: data from a United States chart review","volume":"144","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)90497-9","article-title":"Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial: design and baseline data","volume":"106","author":"Leske","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(00)00441-4","article-title":"Disk hemorrhage is a significantly negative prognostic factor in normal-tension glaucoma","volume":"129","author":"Ishida","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e270","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.2013.91.issue-4","article-title":"Intraocular pressure reduction with topical medications and progression of normal-tension glaucoma: a 12-year mean follow-up study","volume":"91","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.03.016","article-title":"Predictors of long-term progression in the early manifest glaucoma trial","volume":"114","author":"Leske","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1981.03930010635009","article-title":"Optic nerve damage in human glaucoma. II. The site of injury and susceptibility to damage","volume":"99","author":"Quigley","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4727","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3446","article-title":"Spatially consistent, localized visual field loss before and after disc hemorrhage","volume":"50","author":"De Moraes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2005.00590.x","article-title":"The pathogenesis of optic disc splinter haemorrhages: a new hypothesis","volume":"84","author":"Grieshaber","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2007.08.005","article-title":"Does the blood-brain barrier play a role in Glaucoma","volume":"52","author":"Grieshaber","year":"2007","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.06.001","article-title":"Optic disc hemorrhages and laminar disinsertions in glaucoma","volume":"123","author":"Sharpe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2009.163","article-title":"Risk factors associated with optic disc haemorrhage in patients with normal tension glaucoma","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.03.023","article-title":"Factors associated with optic disc hemorrhages in glaucoma","volume":"111","author":"Soares","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1097\/00061198-200206000-00011","article-title":"Optic disc hemorrhages and generalized vascular disease","volume":"11","author":"Grodum","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(94)31191-2","article-title":"Open-angle glaucoma and older-onset diabetes: the Beaver Dam Eye Study","volume":"101","author":"Klein","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000081775","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for glaucomatous optic neuropathy","volume":"219","author":"Nakamura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.04.049","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus and the risk of open-angle glaucoma: the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study","volume":"115","author":"Chopra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.11.022","article-title":"The relationship between components of metabolic syndrome and open-angle glaucoma","volume":"118","author":"Newman-Casey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(02)00008-3","article-title":"The impact of ocular blood flow in glaucoma","volume":"21","author":"Flammer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Progr Retinal Eye Res"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/01.icu.0000156134.38495.0b","article-title":"Blood flow in glaucoma","volume":"16","author":"Grieshaber","year":"2005","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1159\/000310760","article-title":"Severe myopia as a risk factor for progressive visual field loss in primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"211","author":"Chihara","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0b013e31823298fb","article-title":"Contributing factors for progression of visual field loss in normal-tension glaucoma patients with medical treatment","volume":"22","author":"Sakata","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.03.040","article-title":"Optic disc rotation as a clue for predicting visual field progression in myopic normal-tension glaucoma","volume":"123","author":"Sung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02172889","article-title":"The effect of Ca2(+) -antagonist on visual field in low-tension glaucoma","volume":"227","author":"Kitazawa","year":"1989","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)71458-8","article-title":"Calcium channel blockers in the management of low-tension and open-angle glaucoma","volume":"115","author":"Netland","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1878-5085-4-14","article-title":"The primary vascular dysregulation syndrome: implications for eye diseases","volume":"4","author":"Flammer","year":"2013","journal-title":"EPMA J"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9236(98)90121-7","article-title":"Reversal of endothelin-1-induced ocular hemodynamic effects by low-dose nifedipine in humans","volume":"63","author":"Strenn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1177\/112067219400400105","article-title":"Influence of nifedipine on the visual fields of patients with optic-nerve-head diseases","volume":"4","author":"Gaspar","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1055\/s-00000031","article-title":"Unexpected effect of calcium channel blockers on the optic nerve compartment syndrome","volume":"233","author":"Konieczka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Klin Monbl Augenheilkd"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-015-3001-7","article-title":"The effect of nifedipine on retinal venous pressure of glaucoma patients with the Flammer-Syndrome","volume":"253","author":"Fang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s13167-017-0090-x","article-title":"The discovery of the Flammer syndrome: a historical and personal perspective","volume":"8","author":"Flammer","year":"2017","journal-title":"EPMA J"},{"key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.03.047","article-title":"Systemic antihypertensive medication and incident open-angle glaucoma","volume":"114","author":"Muskens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1991.01080010079037","article-title":"Clinically detectable nerve fiber atrophy precedes the onset of glaucomatous field loss","volume":"109","author":"Sommer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2007.08.001","article-title":"A framework for comparing structural and functional measures of glaucomatous damage","volume":"26","author":"Hood","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.06.015","article-title":"Estimating Lead Time Gained by Optical Coherence Tomography in Detecting Glaucoma before Development of Visual Field Defects","volume":"122","author":"Kuang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.041","article-title":"Can Automated Imaging for Optic Disc and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Analysis Aid Glaucoma Detection","volume":"123","author":"Banister","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.04.016","article-title":"Nocturnal systemic hypotension increases the risk of glaucoma progression","volume":"121","author":"Charlson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-003-0071-6","article-title":"Association between nocturnal blood pressure reduction and progression of visual field defect in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma or normal-tension glaucoma","volume":"48","author":"Tokunaga","year":"2004","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Investigative Opthalmology &amp; Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2770510","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:31:18Z","timestamp":1791927078000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2770510"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.61.8.35","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]]}}}