{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:58:59Z","timestamp":1791928739666,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]],"date-time":"2020-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596067200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.8.45","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]],"date-time":"2020-07-30T17:28:52Z","timestamp":1596130132000},"page":"45","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Elevated Melatonin Levels Found in Young Myopic Adults Are Not Attributable to a Shift in Circadian Phase"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Sarah C.","family":"Flanagan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Optometry and Vision Science, Biomedical Science Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland"},{"name":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3406-3603"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Cobice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mass Spectrometry Centre, Biomedical Science Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Optometry and Vision Science, Biomedical Science Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie J.","family":"Sittlington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Biomedical Science Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn J.","family":"Saunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Optometry and Vision Science, Biomedical Science Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland"},{"name":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9289-5731"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.08.008","article-title":"Homeostasis of eye growth and the question of myopia","volume":"43","author":"Wallman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2012.06.004","article-title":"The complex interactions of retinal, optical and environmental factors in myopia aetiology","volume":"31","author":"Flitcroft","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.2019.102.issue-1","article-title":"Myopia: is the nature-nurture debate finally over?","volume":"102","author":"Morgan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2004.06.004","article-title":"How genetic is school myopia?","volume":"24","author":"Morgan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0175921","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175921","article-title":"Outdoor activity and myopia progression in 4-year follow-up of Chinese primary school children: the Beijing Children Eye Study","volume":"12","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2856","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-9091","article-title":"Time outdoors and physical activity as predictors of incident myopia in childhood: a prospective cohort study","volume":"53","author":"Guggenheim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.2017.95.issue-6","article-title":"Time spent in outdoor activities in relation to myopia prevention and control: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"95","author":"Xiong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.009","article-title":"Outdoor activity during class recess reduces myopia onset and progression in school children","volume":"120","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.2015.35.issue-3","article-title":"Elevated light levels in schools have a protective effect on myopia","volume":"35","author":"Hua","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.150979","article-title":"Outdoor activity and myopia in Singapore teenage children","volume":"93","author":"Dirani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-015-0052-9","article-title":"Effect of outdoor activity on myopia onset and progression in school-aged children in northeast China: the Sujiatun Eye Care Study","volume":"15","author":"Jin","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1159\/000501937","article-title":"Significance of outdoor time for myopia prevention: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials","volume":"63","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10803","article-title":"Effect of time spent outdoors at school on the development of myopia among children in China: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"314","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1177\/1757913915576679","article-title":"Myopia and daylight in schools: a neglected aspect of public health?","volume":"136","author":"Hobday","year":"2016","journal-title":"Perspect Public Health"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.5.521","article-title":"Myopia in Singapore: taking a public health approach","volume":"85","author":"Seet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Mi","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25983","article-title":"Myopia-a 21st century public health issue","volume":"60","author":"Resnikoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib18","article-title":"How does spending time outdoors protect against myopia? A review","author":"Lingham","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15549","article-title":"Risk factors for childhood myopia: findings from the NICER study childhood myopia risk factors: NICER study","volume":"56","author":"O'Donoghue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-312573","article-title":"Risk factors associated with myopia in schoolchildren in Ireland","volume":"103","author":"Harrington","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.12.019","article-title":"Outdoor activity reduces the prevalence of myopia in children","volume":"115","author":"Rose","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018","article-title":"Time outdoors and the prevention of myopia","volume":"114","author":"French","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12453","article-title":"Circadian rhythms, refractive development, and myopia","volume":"38","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0217111","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217111","article-title":"Altered ocular parameters from circadian clock gene disruptions","volume":"14","author":"Stone","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-0599-0","article-title":"Meta-analysis of 542,934 subjects of European ancestry identifies new genes and mechanisms predisposing to refractive error and myopia","author":"Hysi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1633","article-title":"Circadian rhythms from multiple oscillators: lessons from diverse organisms","volume":"6","author":"Bell-Pedersen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2010.08.005","article-title":"Inner retinal circadian clocks and non-visual photoreceptors: novel players in the circadian system","volume":"92","author":"Guido","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2008.06149.x","article-title":"Two types of melanopsin retinal ganglion cell differentially innervate the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus and the olivary pretectal nucleus","volume":"27","author":"Baver","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(00)01117-4","article-title":"Dopamine inhibits melatonin release in the mammalian retina: in vitro evidence","volume":"286","author":"Tosini","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.10.890","article-title":"Morning vs evening light treatment of patients with winter depression","volume":"55","author":"Lewy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1996.sp021593","article-title":"Phase-shifting human circadian rhythms: influence of sleep timing, social contact and light exposure","volume":"495","author":"Duffy","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.02.007","article-title":"An updated view on the role of dopamine in myopia","volume":"114","author":"Feldkaemper","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.06.003","article-title":"Dopamine signaling and myopia development: what are the key challenges","volume":"61","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.01.001","article-title":"Pharmacology of myopia and potential role for intrinsic retinal circadian rhythms","volume":"114","author":"Stone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730416642657","article-title":"The retina and other light-sensitive ocular clocks","volume":"31","author":"Besharse","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Biol Rhythm"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730404263002","article-title":"Retinal circadian clocks and control of retinal physiology","volume":"19","author":"Green","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biol Rhythm"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.19-26711","article-title":"Ocular and systemic diurnal rhythms in emmetropic and myopic adults","volume":"60","author":"Burfield","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5176","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25389","article-title":"Ocular biometric diurnal rhythms in emmetropic and myopic adults","volume":"59","author":"Burfield","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2012.12.013","article-title":"Ocular diurnal rhythms and eye growth regulation: where we are 50 years after Lauber","volume":"114","author":"Nickla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.2.704","article-title":"Retinal dopamine and form-deprivation myopia","volume":"86","author":"Stone","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.16.2.152.5090","article-title":"Retinal dopamine in the recovery from experimental myopia","volume":"16","author":"Pendrak","year":"1997","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3109\/02713689508999936","article-title":"Retinal dopamine and lens-induced refractive errors in chicks","volume":"14","author":"Guo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"bib43","first-page":"2824","article-title":"Inhibition of experimental myopia by a dopamine agonist: different effectiveness between form deprivation and hyperopic defocus in guinea pigs","volume":"17","author":"Dong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"bib44","first-page":"1674","article-title":"Effects of apomorphine, a dopamine receptor agonist, on ocular refraction and axial elongation in a primate model of myopia","volume":"32","author":"Iuvone","year":"1991","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200402000-00012","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of apomorphine and atropine and their combination on myopia in chicks","volume":"81","author":"Schmid","year":"2004","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2010.08.021","article-title":"Dopaminergic agonists that result in ocular growth inhibition also elicit transient increases in choroidal thickness in chicks","volume":"91","author":"Nickla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1126\/science.30997","article-title":"Light stimulates tyrosine hydroxylase activity and dopamine synthesis in retinal amacrine neurons","volume":"202","author":"Iuvone","year":"1978","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2012.08.004","article-title":"Ambient illuminance, retinal dopamine release and refractive development in chicks","volume":"103","author":"Cohen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5247","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4689","article-title":"The effect of bright light on lens compensation in chicks","volume":"51","author":"Ashby","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12396","article-title":"Myopes have significantly higher serum melatonin concentrations than non-myopes","volume":"37","author":"Kearney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthal Physiol Opt"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-811X-11-34","article-title":"Complexity of dopamine metabolism","volume":"11","author":"Meiser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.27083","article-title":"Measuring melatonin in humans","volume":"4","author":"Benloucif","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1177\/074873099129000641","article-title":"The endogenous melatonin profile as a marker for circadian phase position","volume":"14","author":"Lewy","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Biol Rhythm"},{"key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.06.020","article-title":"Dim light melatonin onset (DLMO): a tool for the analysis of circadian phase in human sleep and chronobiological disorders","volume":"31","author":"Pandi-Perumal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-55-1-27","article-title":"Age-dependent reduction in serum melatonin concentrations in healthy human subjects","volume":"55","author":"Iguchi","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4843","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-11813","article-title":"A prospective study of spherical refractive error and ocular components among Northern Irish schoolchildren (the NICER study)","volume":"54","author":"Breslin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2006.09.011","article-title":"Circadian rhythms, sleep, and the menstrual cycle","volume":"8","author":"Baker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","article-title":"The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research","volume":"28","author":"Buysse","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"bib59","first-page":"97","article-title":"A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms","volume":"4","author":"Horne","year":"1976","journal-title":"Int J Chronobiol"},{"key":"bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001208","article-title":"Objectively measured light exposure during school and summer in children","volume":"95","author":"Ostrin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Optom Vision Sci"},{"key":"bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4804","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24415","article-title":"Dim light exposure and myopia in children","volume":"59","author":"Landis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000160","article-title":"Light exposure and physical activity in myopic and emmetropic children","volume":"91","author":"Read","year":"2014","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib63","first-page":"889","article-title":"Home circadian phase assessments with measures of compliance yield accurate dim light melatonin onsets","volume":"38","author":"Burgess","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2011.11.008","article-title":"Laboratory validation of an in-home method for assessing circadian phase using dim light melatonin onset (DLMO)","volume":"13","author":"Pullman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1177\/074873049701200507","article-title":"Salivary melatonin as a circadian phase marker: validation and comparison to plasma melatonin","volume":"12","author":"Voultsios","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Biological Rhythm"},{"key":"bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2011.597531","article-title":"Calculating the dim light melatonin onset: the impact of threshold and sampling rate","volume":"28","author":"Molina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"key":"bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.2017.37.issue-4","article-title":"Attenuation of short wavelengths alters sleep and the ipRGC pupil response","volume":"37","author":"Ostrin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthal Physiol Opt"},{"key":"bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001198","article-title":"The ipRGC-driven pupil response with light exposure, refractive error, and sleep","volume":"95","author":"Abbott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12633","article-title":"Twenty-four hour ocular and systemic diurnal rhythms in children","author":"Ostrin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthal Physiol Opt"},{"key":"bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13617","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13617","article-title":"Sensitivity of the circadian system to evening bright light in preschool-age children","volume":"6","author":"Akacem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092251","article-title":"Timing and intensity of light correlate with body weight in adults","volume":"9","author":"Reid","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.11.023","article-title":"Calibration of wrist-worn ActiWatch 2 and ActiGraph wGT3X for assessment of physical activity in young adults","volume":"68","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"bib73","first-page":"65","article-title":"A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure","author":"Holm","year":"1979","journal-title":"Scand J Stat"},{"key":"bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3055","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003055","article-title":"Individual differences in the amount and timing of salivary melatonin secretion","volume":"3","author":"Burgess","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12019","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1820989116","article-title":"High sensitivity and interindividual variability in the response of the human circadian system to evening light","volume":"116","author":"Phillips","year":"2019","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-079X.2002.01885.x","article-title":"The effects of prior light history on the suppression of melatonin by light in humans","volume":"33","author":"H\u00e9bert","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001013","article-title":"Objectively measured light exposure in emmetropic and myopic adults","volume":"94","author":"Ostrin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6779","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15978","article-title":"Light exposure and eye growth in childhood","volume":"56","author":"Read","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e256","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.2019.97.issue-2","article-title":"Influence of seasons upon personal light exposure and longitudinal axial length changes in young adults","volume":"97","author":"Ulaganathan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1799","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00211.2006","article-title":"Repeated exposures to daytime bright light increase nocturnal melatonin rise and maintain circadian phase in young subjects under fixed sleep schedule","volume":"291","author":"Takasu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-73-6-1276","article-title":"The durations of human melatonin secretion and sleep respond to changes in daylength (photoperiod)","volume":"73","author":"Wehr","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)00358-2","article-title":"Exposure to long summer days affects the human melatonin and cortisol rhythms","volume":"759","author":"Vondravsov\u00e1","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s40101-016-0103-9","article-title":"Annual variation in daily light exposure and circadian change of melatonin and cortisol concentrations at a northern latitude with large seasonal differences in photoperiod length","volume":"36","author":"Adamsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Physiol Anthropol BioMed Central"},{"key":"bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.8.6.15","article-title":"An objective comparison of light intensity and near-visual tasks between rural and urban school children in China by a wearable device Clouclip","volume":"8","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Techn"},{"key":"bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e204","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.2016.94.issue-3","article-title":"Inverse relationship between sleep duration and myopia","volume":"94","author":"Jee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33902","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33902","article-title":"Decreased sleep quality in high myopia children","volume":"6","author":"Ayaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["Investigative Opthalmology &amp; Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2770541","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:31:20Z","timestamp":1791927080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2770541"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.61.8.45","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]]}}}