{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:59:21Z","timestamp":1791928761142,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596153600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.8.50","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T11:01:54Z","timestamp":1596193314000},"page":"50","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Quantitative Assessment of Asymmetric Choroidal Outflow in Pachychoroid Eyes on Ultra-Widefield Indocyanine Green Angiography"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Jesse J.","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"East Bay Retina Consultants, Oakland, California, United States"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daryle Jason G.","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Duke-NUS, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuyo","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Duke-NUS, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soraya","family":"Rofagha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East Bay Retina Consultants, Oakland, California, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott S.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East Bay Retina Consultants, Oakland, California, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quan V.","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Duke-NUS, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2007.00889.x","article-title":"Central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"86","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182953df4","article-title":"Pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy","volume":"33","author":"Warrow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)01117-X","article-title":"Corticosteroids and central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"109","author":"Carvalho-Recchia","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.09.024","article-title":"Central Serous Chorioretinopathy Case-Control Study Group. Risk factors for central serous chorioretinopathy: a case-control study","volume":"111","author":"Haimovici","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181be0a83","article-title":"Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of the choroid in central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"29","author":"Imamura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31820f4b39","article-title":"Subfoveal choroidal thickness in fellow eyes of patients with central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"31","author":"Maruko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000331","article-title":"Pachychoroid neovasculopathy","volume":"35","author":"Pang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2011.148","article-title":"The expanded spectrum of focal choroidal excavation","volume":"129","author":"Margolis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5252","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14959","article-title":"Pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy may masquerade as acute retinal pigment epitheliitis","volume":"55","author":"Pang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000774","article-title":"Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: a distinct disease or manifestation of many?","volume":"36","author":"Balaratnasingam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S73","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001346","article-title":"Choroidal morphology in eyes with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and normal or subnormal subfoveal choroidal thickness","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-018-0158-4","article-title":"Pachychoroid disease","volume":"33","author":"Cheung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1995.63","article-title":"Indocyanine green angiographic findings in central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"9","author":"Piccolino","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)00173-6","article-title":"Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy masquerading as central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"107","author":"Yannuzzi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00614-X","article-title":"Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"108","author":"Ahuja","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.05.051","article-title":"Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy with choroidal vascular hyperpermeability","volume":"142","author":"Sasahara","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib18","first-page":"1475","article-title":"The resorption of subretinal fluid after diffuse damage to the retinal pigment epithelium","volume":"24","author":"Negi","year":"1983","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1984.01040030359038","article-title":"Experimental serous retinal detachment and focal pigment epithelial damage","volume":"102","author":"Negi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)70531-8","article-title":"Choroidal capillary and venous congestion in central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"121","author":"Prunte","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.87.6.709","article-title":"Features of abnormal choroidal circulation in central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"87","author":"Kitaya","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1994.01090200063023","article-title":"Digital indocyanine green videoangiography of central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"112","author":"Guyer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)73524-X","article-title":"Fluorescein and indocyanine green angiographies of central serous choroidopathy by scanning laser ophthalmoscopy","volume":"115","author":"Scheider","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005880129005","article-title":"Indocyanine green angiography in central serous chorioretinopathy: ICG angiography in CSC","volume":"21","author":"Menchini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-199616030-00004","article-title":"Indocyanine green videoangiography of older patients with central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"16","author":"Spaide","year":"1996","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-5155(00)00309-9","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of indocyanine green angiographic image in central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"45","author":"Nishiyama","year":"2001","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006038621426","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of severe central serous chorioretinopathy using indocyanine green angiography","volume":"21","author":"Shiraki","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-199919060-00005","article-title":"Persistent and bilateral choroidal vascular abnormalities in central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"19","author":"Iida","year":"1999","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001773","article-title":"Indocyanine green angiography of pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy","volume":"38","author":"Ersoz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.01.023","article-title":"Subfoveal choroidal thickness after treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"117","author":"Maruko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e358","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.2013.91.issue-5","article-title":"Choroidal vessel diameter in central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"91","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib32","first-page":"605","article-title":"Macular diseases: clinical manifestations.","volume":"69","year":"1965","journal-title":"Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"bib33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pathogenesis of disciform detachment of the neuroepithelium","volume":"63","author":"Gass","year":"1967","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.073056","article-title":"Evaluation of central serous retinopathy with en face optical coherence tomography","volume":"89","author":"van Velthoven","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.11.009","article-title":"Distribution and location of vortex vein ampullae in healthy human eyes as assessed by ultra-widefield indocyanine green angiography","volume":"4","author":"Verma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000318","article-title":"Feasibility and clinical utility of ultra-widefield indocyanine green angiography","volume":"35","author":"Klufas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-309877","article-title":"Detection of posterior vortex veins in eyes with pathologic myopia by ultra-widefield indocyanine green angiography","volume":"101","author":"Moriyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.04.021","article-title":"Ultra-widefield imaging with autofluorescence and indocyanine green angiography in central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"158","author":"Pang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2020.100612","article-title":"Optical coherence tomographic angiography and ultra-widefield indocyanine green angiography of a choroidal macrovessel","volume":"18","author":"Mori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20160419-11","article-title":"Ultra wide-field indocyanine green angiogram highlights choroidal perfusion delay secondary to giant cell arteritis","volume":"47","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3180592b5c","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of the Optos Optomap for detecting peripheral retinal lesions","volume":"27","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2011-300774","article-title":"Peripheral retinal ischaemia, as evaluated by ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography, is associated with diabetic macular oedema","volume":"96","author":"Wessel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.12.048","article-title":"Long-term visual outcomes and causes of vision loss in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"126","author":"Mrejen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002580","article-title":"Fundus autofluorescence patterns in central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"40","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01428-9","article-title":"Abnormalities of fundus autofluorescence in central serous retinopathy","volume":"133","author":"von Ruckmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000742","article-title":"En face imaging of pachychoroid spectrum disorders with swept-source optical coherence tomography","volume":"36","author":"Dansingani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1979.4310076","article-title":"A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms","volume":"9","author":"Otsu","year":"1979","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Sys Man Cyber"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1109\/34.598236","article-title":"Pfinder: real-time tracking of the human body","volume":"19","author":"Wren","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2017.05.013","article-title":"Dilatation of asymmetric vortex vein in central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"2","author":"Hiroe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.03.040","article-title":"Densitometry of choroidal vessels in eyes with and without central serous chorioretinopathy by wide-field indocyanine green angiography","volume":"166","author":"Hirahara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.06.009","article-title":"Asymmetry of choroidal venous vascular patterns in the human eye","volume":"111","author":"Mori","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.3191.2012","article-title":"Subfoveal choroidal thickness and foveal retinal thickness during head-down tilt","volume":"83","author":"Shinojima","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-0865","article-title":"Venous anatomy of the orbit","volume":"44","author":"Cheung","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib54","first-page":"1588","article-title":"Choroid changes in vortex vein-occluded monkeys","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.09.001","article-title":"Heritability of choroidal thickness in the Amish","volume":"123","author":"Sardell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00220710","article-title":"Familial central serous retinopathy","volume":"234","author":"Oosterhuis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.11.020","article-title":"Common variants in the complement factor H gene confer genetic susceptibility to central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"121","author":"Miki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.09.026","article-title":"Chronic central serous chorioretinopathy is associated with genetic variants implicated in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"122","author":"de Jong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-016-0055-5","article-title":"Scleral resection in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy complicated by exudative retinal detachment","volume":"3","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eye Vis (Lond)"},{"key":"bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1980.01020040839008","article-title":"Vortex vein decompression for nanophthalmic uveal effusion","volume":"98","author":"Brockhurst","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib61","first-page":"246","article-title":"Uveal effusion syndrome: a new hypothesis concerning pathogenesis and technique of surgical treatment","volume":"81","author":"Gass","year":"1983","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2009.05.003","article-title":"Uveal effusion syndrome","volume":"55","author":"Elagouz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1990.48","article-title":"The uveal effusion syndrome and trans-scleral flow","volume":"4","author":"Forrester","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(90)32511-3","article-title":"Surgical management of the idiopathic uveal effusion syndrome","volume":"97","author":"Johnson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-199919060-00004","article-title":"Sclerotomy in uveal effusion syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Faulborn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)00141-4","article-title":"Uveal effusion syndrome: clinical features, surgical treatment, histologic examination of the sclera, and pathophysiology","volume":"107","author":"Uyama","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-018-0791-5","article-title":"Correlation of subfoveal choroidal thickness with axial length, refractive error, and age in adult highly myopic eyes","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib3","first-page":"145","volume-title":"Central serous chorioretinopathy","author":"Yannuzzi","year":"1979"}],"container-title":["Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2770550","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:31:21Z","timestamp":1791927081000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2770550"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.61.8.50","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]}}}