{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:59:17Z","timestamp":1791928757096,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]],"date-time":"2021-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632787200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.12.27","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]],"date-time":"2021-09-28T15:05:42Z","timestamp":1632841542000},"page":"27","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Novel Foveal Features Associated With Vision Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Aubrey","family":"Hargrave","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nripun","family":"Sredar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fareshta","family":"Khushzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Yarp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Tomczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"May","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"Kipp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Dubra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather E.","family":"Moss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States"},{"name":"Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.1590","article-title":"Use of corneal confocal microscopy to detect corneal nerve loss and increased dendritic cells in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"135","author":"Bitirgen","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1029","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007035","article-title":"The prevalence of MS in the United States: a population-based estimate using health claims data","volume":"92","author":"Wallin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.11.1444","article-title":"Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS)","volume":"33","author":"Kurtzke","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1177\/135245850000600604","article-title":"Self-reported visual dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: results from the 25-Item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (VFQ-25)","volume":"6","author":"Balcer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01337-5","article-title":"Self-reported visual dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: new data from the VFQ-25 and development of an MS-specific vision questionnaire","volume":"133","author":"Ma","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.11.032","article-title":"Ganglion cell loss in relation to visual disability in multiple sclerosis","volume":"119","author":"Walter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.10.040","article-title":"Relation of visual function to retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in multiple sclerosis","volume":"113","author":"Fisher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22005","article-title":"Longitudinal study of vision and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in multiple sclerosis","volume":"67","author":"Talman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.52.12.1360","article-title":"Ocular inflammatory changes in established multiple sclerosis","volume":"52","author":"Graham","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.2017.24.issue-11","article-title":"Progression of retinal ganglion cell loss in multiple sclerosis is associated with new lesions in the optic radiations","volume":"24","author":"Klistorner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.10.009","article-title":"Axonal and neuronal pathology in multiple sclerosis: what have we learnt from animal models","volume":"225","author":"Lassmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-019-0767-6","article-title":"Glial pathology and retinal neurotoxicity in the anterior visual pathway in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"7","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.007","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography as a biomarker of neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis: a review","volume":"22","author":"Alonso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(02)00069-2","article-title":"Axonal loss in the pathology of MS: consequences for understanding the progressive phase of the disease","volume":"206","author":"Bjartmar","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-017-8531-y","article-title":"Retinal ganglion cell analysis in multiple sclerosis and optic neuritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"264","author":"Britze","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq080","article-title":"Ocular pathology in multiple sclerosis: retinal atrophy and inflammation irrespective of disease duration","volume":"133","author":"Green","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22821","article-title":"Outer retinal dysfunction in the absence of structural abnormalities in multiple sclerosis","volume":"59","author":"Hanson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e427","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000427","article-title":"Progressive inner nuclear layer dysfunction in non-optic neuritis eyes in MS","volume":"5","author":"You","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5985","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25032","article-title":"OCT angiography and cone photoreceptor imaging in geographic atrophy","volume":"59","author":"Qin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"BIO255","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-21868","article-title":"Photoreceptor-based biomarkers in AOSLO retinal imaging","volume":"58","author":"Litts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0167526","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167526","article-title":"Multimodal imaging of photoreceptor structure in choroideremia","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-311328","article-title":"Adaptive optics imaging of inherited retinal diseases","volume":"102","author":"Georgiou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0169926","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169926","article-title":"Adaptive optics reveals photoreceptor abnormalities in diabetic macular ischemia","volume":"12","author":"Nesper","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000104","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2017-000104","article-title":"Assessing photoreceptor structure in patients with traumatic head injury","volume":"3","author":"Braza","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4015","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14668","article-title":"Microscopic inner retinal hyper-reflective phenotypes in retinal and neurologic disease","volume":"55","author":"Scoles","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676803","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/676803","article-title":"High-resolution en face images of microcystic macular edema in patients with autosomal dominant optic atrophy","volume":"2013","author":"Gocho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318253e081","article-title":"A clinical planning module for adaptive optics SLO imaging","volume":"89","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2012.11.016","article-title":"High-resolution imaging of retinal nerve fiber bundles in glaucoma using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy","volume":"155","author":"Takayama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e33158","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033158","article-title":"High-resolution imaging of the retinal nerve fiber layer in normal eyes using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy","volume":"7","author":"Takayama","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.02.004","article-title":"Adaptive optics imaging of idiopathic epiretinal membranes","volume":"120","author":"Lombardo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib31","first-page":"1589","article-title":"High-resolution assessment of cone photoreceptor structure in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"55","author":"Cuneo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2010.218","article-title":"Outer retinal abnormalities associated with inner retinal pathology in nonglaucomatous and glaucomatous optic neuropathies","volume":"25","author":"Werner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30470-2","article-title":"Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria","volume":"17","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww173","article-title":"Defining secondary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"139","author":"Lorscheider","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(13)38009-9","article-title":"Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study design and baseline patient characteristics. ETDRS report number 7","volume":"98","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.11.014","article-title":"Visual acuity and foveal structure in eyes with fragmented foveal avascular zones","volume":"4","author":"Linderman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.08.017","article-title":"Retinal structure and function in achromatopsia: implications for gene therapy","volume":"121","author":"Sundaram","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.4103\/tjo.tjo_101_18","article-title":"Foveal hypoplasia and optical coherence tomographic imaging","volume":"8","author":"Kondo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Taiwan J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2020.1737138","article-title":"Interocular symmetry of foveal cone topography in congenital achromatopsia","volume":"45","author":"Litts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089","article-title":"NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","article-title":"Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schindelin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517690822","article-title":"Validity of low-contrast letter acuity as a visual performance outcome measure for multiple sclerosis","volume":"23","author":"Balcer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.107856","article-title":"Age and gender influence on foveal avascular zone in healthy eyes","volume":"189","author":"G\u00f3mez-Ulla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2998","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa255","article-title":"Vascular disease and multiple sclerosis: a post-mortem study exploring their relationships","volume":"143","author":"Geraldes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2147\/EB","article-title":"Visual consequences of medications for multiple sclerosis: the good, the bad, the ugly, and the unknown","volume":"9","author":"Moss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eye Brain"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3182512b98","article-title":"Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope-based microperimetry","volume":"89","author":"Tuten","year":"2012","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)00289-X","article-title":"The effects of random element loss on letter identification: implications for visual acuity loss in patients with retinitis pigmentosa","volume":"35","author":"Seiple","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ics.2005.05.110","article-title":"The difference between mean saccade size and scotoma size is a predictive factor for reading speed","volume":"1282","author":"Anne-Catherine Scherlen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int Congress Ser"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25688","article-title":"Cone spacing correlates with retinal thickness and microperimetry in patients with inherited retinal degenerations","volume":"60","author":"Foote","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1167\/5.7.3","article-title":"The locus of fixation and the foveal cone mosaic","volume":"5","author":"Putnam","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2016.05.001","article-title":"Assessing the spatial relationship between fixation and foveal specializations","volume":"132","author":"Wilk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1969.00990020153002","article-title":"Some structural features of the fovea centralis in the human retina","volume":"82","author":"Yamada","year":"1969","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib55","first-page":"235","article-title":"Glial cells of the human fovea","volume":"26","author":"Delaunay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-017-1370-x","article-title":"Microglia in the primate macula: specializations in microglial distribution and morphology with retinal position and with aging","volume":"222","author":"Singaravelu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2010.05.022","article-title":"Dendritic cells are early responders to retinal injury","volume":"40","author":"Lehmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-11-57","article-title":"Comparison of microglia and infiltrating CD11c+ cells as antigen presenting cells for T cell proliferation and cytokine response","volume":"11","author":"Wlodarczyk","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.6.48","article-title":"Imaging of macrophage-like cells in living human retina using clinical OCT","volume":"61","author":"Castanos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8601","article-title":"Changes in murine hyalocytes are valuable early indicators of ocular disease","volume":"53","author":"Vagaja","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib61","first-page":"633","article-title":"Mitotic activity in the cortical vitreous cells (hyalocytes) after photocoagulation","volume":"8","author":"Gloor","year":"1969","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.51.3.169","article-title":"Pathology of Henle's fibre layer after occlusion of the central retinal artery","volume":"51","author":"Wolter","year":"1967","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-14366-3_6","article-title":"Registration of 2D images from fast scanning ophthalmic instruments","volume-title":"Biomedical Image Registration","author":"Dubra","year":"2010"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511609541","volume-title":"The Eye and Visual Optical Instruments","author":"Smith","year":"1997"}],"container-title":["Investigative Opthalmology &amp; Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2777937","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:31:27Z","timestamp":1791927087000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2777937"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.62.12.27","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]]}}}