{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:59:13Z","timestamp":1791928753405,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615248000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.3.12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T10:32:45Z","timestamp":1615285965000},"page":"12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Exploring the Relationship Between Multilayered Choroidal Neovascularization and Choriocapillaris Flow Deficits in AMD"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Peter L.","family":"Nesper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janice X.","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amani A.","family":"Fawzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"issue":"10053","key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31678-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990\u20132015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"388","author":"Vos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.05.009","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration","volume":"42","author":"Mehta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prim Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2003.09.042","article-title":"Choroidal neovascularization","volume":"137","author":"Grossniklaus","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)00509-6","article-title":"The development of choroidal neovascularization in eyes with the geographic atrophy form of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"106","author":"Sunness","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib5","first-page":"1986","article-title":"Quantifying changes in RPE and choroidal vasculature in eyes with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"43","author":"McLeod","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.81.2.154","article-title":"Increased expression of angiogenic growth factors in age-related maculopathy","volume":"81","author":"Kliffen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64063-1","article-title":"Intrachoroidal neovascularization in transgenic mice overexpressing vascular endothelial growth factor in the retinal pigment epithelium","volume":"158","author":"Schwesinger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"14","key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa054481","article-title":"Ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"355","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa062655","article-title":"Ranibizumab versus verteporfin for neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"355","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4982","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3639","article-title":"Relationship between RPE and choriocapillaris in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"50","author":"McLeod","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002556","article-title":"Spatial distribution of choriocapillaris impairment in eyes with choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration: a quantitative OCT angiography study","volume":"40","author":"Moult","year":"2020","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.01.034","article-title":"Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"121","author":"Jia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.7.5.19","article-title":"Prevalence of subclinical CNV and choriocapillaris Nonperfusion in fellow eyes of unilateral exudative AMD on OCT angiography","volume":"7","author":"Treister","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.3519","article-title":"Histopathological insights into choroidal vascular loss in clinically documented cases of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"134","author":"Seddon","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4792","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22360","article-title":"Alterations in the choriocapillaris in intermediate age-related macular degeneration","volume":"58","author":"Borrelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.08.014","article-title":"Topographic analysis of the choriocapillaris in intermediate age-related macular degeneration","volume":"196","author":"Borrelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"35","key":"bib17","first-page":"35","article-title":"Changes in choriocapillaris and retinal pigment epithelium in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"5","author":"Lutty","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.05.003","article-title":"Choriocapillaris breakdown precedes retinal degeneration in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"35","author":"Biesemeier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(02)00043-5","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factors and angiogenesis in eye disease","volume":"22","author":"Witmer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.07.050","article-title":"Pathophysiology and mechanisms of severe retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"122","author":"Hartnett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23361","article-title":"Volume-rendered projection-resolved OCT angiography: 3D lesion complexity is associated with therapy response in wet age-related macular degeneration","volume":"59","author":"Nesper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4604","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.16.9.4604","article-title":"Activation of vascular endothelial growth factor gene transcription by hypoxia-inducible factor 1","volume":"16","author":"Forsythe","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.03.008","article-title":"Impact of binarization thresholding and brightness\/contrast adjustment methodology on optical coherence tomography angiography image quantification","volume":"205","author":"Mehta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.08.045","article-title":"Guidelines for imaging the choriocapillaris using OCT angiography","volume":"222","author":"Chu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.003","article-title":"Quantification of choriocapillaris with Phansalkar local thresholding: pitfalls to avoid","volume":"213","author":"Chu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31824f91e8","article-title":"EVEREST study: efficacy and safety of verteporfin photodynamic therapy in combination with ranibizumab or alone versus ranibizumab monotherapy in patients with symptomatic macular polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"32","author":"Koh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1159\/000355488","article-title":"Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: clinical features and genetic predisposition","volume":"231","author":"Honda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1993.01090060119035","article-title":"The lens opacities classification system III","volume":"111","author":"Chylack","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4710","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.004710","article-title":"Split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography with optical coherence tomography","volume":"20","author":"Jia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt Express"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2591","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.5.002591","article-title":"Quantitative 3D-OCT motion correction with tilt and illumination correction, robust similarity measure and regularization","volume":"5","author":"Kraus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","article-title":"Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schindelin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22953","article-title":"A novel strategy for quantifying choriocapillaris flow voids using swept-source OCT angiography","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2016.08.005","article-title":"Projection artifact removal improves visualization and quantitation of macular neovascularization imaged by optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(86)90030-0","article-title":"Minimum error thresholding","volume":"19","author":"Kittler","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(89)90029-0","article-title":"Improvement of Kittler and Illingworth's minimum error thresholding","volume":"22","author":"Cho","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1684(80)90020-1","article-title":"A new method for grey-level picture thresholding using the entropy of the histogram","volume":"2","author":"Pun","year":"1980","journal-title":"Signal Processing"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.7.000816","article-title":"Projection-resolved optical coherence tomographic angiography","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3310","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-26478","article-title":"Volumetric Analysis of vascularized serous pigment epithelial detachment progression in neovascular age-related macular degeneration using optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"60","author":"Au","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.05.027","article-title":"Optimizing the repeatability of choriocapillaris flow deficit measurement from optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"219","author":"Byon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.07.003","article-title":"Quantification of choriocapillaris with optical coherence tomography angiography: a comparison study","volume":"208","author":"Chu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1988.106","article-title":"Evolution of geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium","volume":"2","author":"Sarks","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.4.598","article-title":"Current concepts in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"122","author":"Zarbin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001863","article-title":"Residual choroidal vessels in atrophy can masquerade as choroidal neovascularization on optical coherence tomography angiography: introducing a clinical and software approach","volume":"38","author":"Nesper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.01.040","article-title":"Nonexudative macular neovascularization supporting outer retina in age-related macular degeneration: a clinicopathologic correlation","volume":"127","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2018.10.012","article-title":"Predictive value of the OCT double-layer sign for identifying subclinical neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"3","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000130","article-title":"Multilayered pigment epithelial detachment in neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"34","author":"Rahimy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(13)38011-7","article-title":"Early photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy: ETDRS report number 9","volume":"98","author":"Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002878","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of choriocapillaris flow deficits surrounding choroidal neovascular membranes","volume":"40","author":"Alagorie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.11.11","article-title":"Choriocapillaris flow deficits and treatment-na\u00efve macular neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration","volume":"61","author":"Scharf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-313065","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography in exudative age-related macular degeneration: a predictive model for treatment decisions","volume":"103","author":"Coscas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-018-1115-1","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography discerns preclinical diabetic retinopathy in eyes of patients with type 2 diabetes without clinical diabetic retinopathy","volume":"55","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"BIO307","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-21787","article-title":"Quantifying microvascular abnormalities with increasing severity of diabetic retinopathy using optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"58","author":"Nesper","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20181203-02","article-title":"Quantitative vascular density changes in choriocapillaris around CNV after anti-VEGF treatment: dark halo","volume":"49","author":"Rispoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24522","article-title":"Reduced vessel density of the choriocapillaris during anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"60","author":"Hikichi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSP.2011.5739305","article-title":"Adaptive local thresholding for detection of nuclei in diversity stained cytology images","volume-title":"2011 International Conference on Communications and Signal Processing","author":"Phansalkar","year":"2011"}],"container-title":["Investigative Opthalmology &amp; Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2772366","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:31:23Z","timestamp":1791927083000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2772366"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.62.3.12","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]]}}}