{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:59:54Z","timestamp":1791928794130,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618790400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.4.24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T00:26:28Z","timestamp":1618878388000},"page":"24","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Early Identification of Retinal Neuropathy in Subclinical Diabetic Eyes by Reduced Birefringence of the Peripapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Andreas","family":"Pollreisz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Desissaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Sedova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorottya","family":"Hajdu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Datlinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Schwarzhans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Medical Statistics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Steiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Steiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Medical Statistics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clemens","family":"Vass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph K.","family":"Hitzenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Pircher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ursula","family":"Schmidt-Erfurth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1005073","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy","volume":"366","author":"Antonetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2655","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1522014113","article-title":"Retinal neurodegeneration may precede microvascular changes characteristic of diabetic retinopathy in diabetes mellitus","volume":"113","author":"Sohn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09265-6","article-title":"Effect of darkness on inner retinal hypoxia in diabetes","volume":"359","author":"Drasdo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3705","article-title":"Contrast sensitivity mediated by inferred magno- and parvocellular pathways in type 2 diabetics with and without nonproliferative retinopathy","volume":"52","author":"Gualtieri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.12.1809","article-title":"Multifocal electroretinogram and short-wavelength automated perimetry measures in diabetic eyes with little or no retinopathy","volume":"122","author":"Han","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.05.024","article-title":"Impact of diabetes on glaucoma screening using frequency-doubling perimetry","volume":"111","author":"Realini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00155037","article-title":"Steady-state pattern electroretinogram in insulin-dependent diabetics with no or minimal retinopathy","volume":"73","author":"Falsini","year":"1989","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol Advances Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3978","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.17.003978","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography (OCT) in ophthalmology: introduction","volume":"17","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt Express"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ii15","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2013-304326","article-title":"OCT for glaucoma diagnosis, screening and detection of glaucoma progression","volume":"98","author":"Bussel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70168-X","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Petzold","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e85718","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085718","article-title":"Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness changes in Parkinson disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadm.2015.03.001","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of retinal nerve fiber layer change in dementia, using optical coherence tomography","volume":"1","author":"Thomson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dementia"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.9.000903","article-title":"Polarization-sensitive low-coherence reflectometer for birefringence characterization and ranging","volume":"9","author":"Hee DH","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Opt Soc Am"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.28.001775","article-title":"Polarization-maintaining fiber-based optical low-coherence reflectometer for characterization and ranging of birefringence","volume":"28","author":"Dave","year":"2003","journal-title":"Opt Letters"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.22.000934","article-title":"Two-dimensional birefringence imaging in biological tissue by polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography","volume":"22","author":"de Boer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Opt Letters"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.27.001610","article-title":"In vivo depth-resolved birefringence measurements of the human retinal nerve fiber layer by polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography","volume":"27","author":"Cense","year":"2002","journal-title":"Opt Letters"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.9.000780","article-title":"Measurement and imaging of birefringence and optic axis orientation by phase resolved polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography","volume":"9","author":"Hitzenberger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Opt Express"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2011.06.003","article-title":"Polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography in the human eye","volume":"30","author":"Pircher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.86.7.725","article-title":"Retinal nerve fibre layer loss in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus without retinopathy","volume":"86","author":"Lopes de Faria","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"041205","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2764460","article-title":"Autocalibration of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography spectrometers for in vivo quantitative retinal nerve fiber layer birefringence determination","volume":"12","author":"Mujat","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biomed Opt"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/(ISSN)1864-0648","article-title":"Retinal nerve fiber layer birefringence evaluated with polarization sensitive spectral domain OCT and scanning laser polarimetry: a comparison","volume":"1","author":"Gotzinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Biophotonics"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"014013","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2841024","article-title":"Phase retardation measurement of retinal nerve fiber layer by polarization-sensitive spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and scanning laser polarimetry","volume":"13","author":"Yamanari","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Biomed Opt"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10089","article-title":"Measuring retinal nerve fiber layer birefringence, retardation, and thickness using wide-field, high-speed polarization sensitive spectral domain OCT","volume":"54","author":"Zotter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5940","DOI":"10.1364\/OPEX.12.005940","article-title":"Imaging of polarization properties of human retina in vivo with phase resolved transversal PS-OCT","volume":"12","author":"Pircher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Opt Express"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5487","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1589","article-title":"Human macula investigated in vivo with polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography","volume":"47","author":"Pircher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1990.01070060105058","article-title":"Histopathologic validation of Fourier-ellipsometry measurements of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness","volume":"108","author":"Weinreb","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2606","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-1160","article-title":"Thickness and birefringence of healthy retinal nerve fiber layer tissue measured with polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography","volume":"45","author":"Cense","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.5.000049","article-title":"Birefringence of the human foveal area assessed in vivo with Mueller-matrix ellipsometry","volume":"5","author":"Brink","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Opt Soc Am, Opt Image Sci"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.4.002296","article-title":"Henle fiber layer phase retardation measured with polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography","volume":"4","author":"Cense","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5488","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.402475","article-title":"Analysis of retinal nerve fiber layer birefringence in patients with glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy by polarization sensitive OCT","volume":"11","author":"Desissaire","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"issue":"5 suppl","key":"bib31","first-page":"786","article-title":"Grading diabetic retinopathy from stereoscopic color fundus photographs\u2013an extension of the modified Airlie House classification. ETDRS report number 10. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group","volume":"98","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.5.000106","article-title":"Motion artifact and speckle noise reduction in polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography by retinal tracking","volume":"5","author":"Sugita","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"041210","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2771560","article-title":"Corneal birefringence compensation for polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography of the human retina","volume":"12","author":"Pircher","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biomed Opt"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.6.001030","article-title":"Retinal nerve fiber bundle tracing and analysis in human eye by polarization sensitive OCT","volume":"6","author":"Sugita","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.109","article-title":"Three-year follow-up of a randomized trial comparing focal\/grid photocoagulation and intravitreal triamcinolone for diabetic macular edema","volume":"127","author":"Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4692-1","article-title":"Neurodegeneration in diabetic retinopathy: does it really matter?","volume":"61","author":"Simo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5846(03)00023-X","article-title":"A new view of diabetic retinopathy: a neurodegenerative disease of the eye","volume":"27","author":"Barber","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6333","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17334","article-title":"Neurodegeneration in type 2 diabetes: evidence from spectral-domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"56","author":"Chhablani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1159\/000442826","article-title":"Early neurodegeneration of the inner retinal layers in type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"235","author":"Gundogan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmol J."},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.2016.44.issue-4","article-title":"Retinal ganglion cell neuronal damage in diabetes and diabetic retinopathy","volume":"44","author":"Ng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1159\/000333220","article-title":"Does neuronal damage precede vascular damage in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and having no clinical diabetic retinopathy?","volume":"47","author":"Verma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1825819","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1825819","article-title":"Neurodegeneration in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without diabetic retinopathy","volume":"2019","author":"Garcia-Martin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1159\/000453551","article-title":"Single retinal layer evaluation in patients with type 1 diabetes with no or early signs of diabetic retinopathy: the first hint of neurovascular crosstalk damage between neurons and capillaries?","volume":"237","author":"Scarinci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmol J"},{"key":"bib44","first-page":"905058","article-title":"Retinal layers changes in human preclinical and early clinical diabetic retinopathy support early retinal neuronal and Muller cells alterations","volume":"2013","author":"Vujosevic","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Diab Res"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2015.12.025","article-title":"Abnormalities of retinal ganglion cell complex at optical coherence tomography in patients with type 2 diabetes: a sign of diabetic polyneuropathy, not retinopathy","volume":"30","author":"Salvi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Diab Compl"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-016-0186-4","article-title":"Diabetic macular morphology changes may occur in the early stage of diabetes","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2012.08.003","article-title":"Glaucomatous damage of the macula","volume":"32","author":"Hood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog Ret Eye Res"},{"key":"bib48","first-page":"2304","article-title":"Morphology of single ganglion cells in the glaucomatous primate retina","volume":"39","author":"Weber","year":"1998","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5653","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12219","article-title":"Onset and progression of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) retardance changes occur earlier than RNFL thickness changes in experimental glaucoma","volume":"54","author":"Fortune","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(03)00035-1","article-title":"Functions of insulin and insulin receptor signaling in retina: possible implications for diabetic retinopathy","volume":"22","author":"Reiter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog Ret Eye Res"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000000216","article-title":"Effects of axial length and age on circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer and inner macular parameters measured by 3 types of SD-OCT instruments","volume":"25","author":"Ueda","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2012-011","article-title":"influence.ME: Tools for detecting influential data inmixed effects models","author":"Nieuwenhuis","year":"2012"}],"container-title":["Investigative Opthalmology &amp; Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2772493","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:31:26Z","timestamp":1791927086000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2772493"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.62.4.24","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]}}}