{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:59:37Z","timestamp":1791928777236,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666656000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.11.20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T09:31:06Z","timestamp":1666690266000},"page":"20","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Seasonal Variation in Diurnal Rhythms of the Human Eye: Implications for Continuing Ocular Growth in Adolescents and Young Adults"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Nickolai G.","family":"Nilsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart J.","family":"Gilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilde R.","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lene A.","family":"Hagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Knoblauch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway"},{"name":"Stem-Cell and Brain Research Institute, INSERM U1208, Bron, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Lyon I, Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rigmor C.","family":"Baraas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-396971-2.00010-5","article-title":"Health consequences of circadian disruption in humans and animal models","volume":"119","author":"Evans","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0294","article-title":"Diurnal axial length fluctuations in human eyes","volume":"45","author":"Stone","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-1833","article-title":"Diurnal variation of axial length, intraocular pressure, and anterior eye biometrics","volume":"49","author":"Read","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5121","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7364","article-title":"Diurnal variations in axial length, choroidal thickness, intraocular pressure, and ocular biometrics","volume":"52","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5176","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25389","article-title":"Ocular biometric diurnal rhythms in emmetropic and myopic adults","volume":"59","author":"Burfield","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.v39.5","article-title":"Twenty-four hour ocular and systemic diurnal rhythms in children","volume":"39","author":"Ostrin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M31","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25967","article-title":"IMI - report on experimental models of emmetropization and myopia","volume":"60","author":"Troilo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.2018.38.issue-3","article-title":"Circadian rhythms, refractive development, and myopia","volume":"38","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1997.0420","article-title":"Visual influences on diurnal rhythms in ocular length and choroidal thickness in chick eyes","volume":"66","author":"Nickla","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-005-0077-2","article-title":"The phase relationships between the diurnal rhythms in axial length and choroidal thickness and the association with ocular growth rate in chicks","volume":"192","author":"Nickla","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol"},{"key":"bib11","first-page":"584","article-title":"Endogenous rhythms in axial length and choroidal thickness in chicks: implications for ocular growth regulation","volume":"42","author":"Nickla","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2012.12.013","article-title":"Ocular diurnal rhythms and eye growth regulation: where we are 50 years after Lauber","volume":"114","author":"Nickla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4178","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.19-27289","article-title":"Emmetropia is maintained despite continued eye growth from 16 to 18 years of age","volume":"60","author":"Hagen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.10.10","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in lens thickness and lens power among persistent non-myopic and myopic children","volume":"63","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2012.08.002","article-title":"Monocular myopic defocus and daily changes in axial length and choroidal thickness of human eyes","volume":"103","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000035","article-title":"Hyperopic defocus and diurnal changes in human choroid and axial length","volume":"90","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.12.002","article-title":"The multifunctional choroid","volume":"29","author":"Nickla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2015.05.005","article-title":"Scleral mechanisms underlying ocular growth and myopia","volume":"134","author":"Metlapally","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.12.019","article-title":"Outdoor activity reduces the prevalence of myopia in children","volume":"115","author":"Rose","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.12.011","article-title":"Myopia prevention and outdoor light intensity in a school-based cluster randomized trial","volume":"125","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26635-7","article-title":"Daily morning light therapy is associated with an increase in choroidal thickness in healthy young adults","volume":"8","author":"Read","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2016.11.012","article-title":"Myopic defocus in the evening is more effective at inhibiting eye growth than defocus in the morning: effects on rhythms in axial length and choroid thickness in chicks","volume":"154","author":"Nickla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13479","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31790-y","article-title":"Prevalence and possible factors of myopia in Norwegian adolescents","volume":"8","author":"Hagen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.v99.2","article-title":"Myopia prevalence in Denmark \u2013 a review of 140 years of myopia research","volume":"99","author":"Hansen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-019-1220-0","article-title":"A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide","volume":"20","author":"Grzybowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s40101-016-0103-9","article-title":"Annual variation in daily light exposure and circadian change of melatonin and cortisol concentrations at a northern latitude with large seasonal differences in photoperiod length","volume":"36","author":"Adamsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Physiol Anthropol"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13029","article-title":"Seasonal variations in the progression of myopia in children enrolled in the correction of myopia evaluation trial","volume":"55","author":"Gwiazda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200201000-00012","article-title":"Seasonal variation in myopia progression and ocular elongation","volume":"79","author":"Fulk","year":"2002","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.107850","article-title":"Daily axial length and choroidal thickness variations in young adults: associations with light exposure and longitudinal axial length and choroid changes","volume":"189","author":"Ulaganathan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2012.08.009","article-title":"Melatonin: an underappreciated player in retinal physiology and pathophysiology","volume":"103","author":"Tosini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.26932","article-title":"Melatonin and its receptors: a new class of sleep-promoting agents","volume":"3","author":"Doghramji","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55100701","article-title":"Intraocular pressure measurements in standing position with a rebound tonometer","volume":"55","author":"De Bernardo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8936","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88250-3","article-title":"Intraocular pressure and choroidal thickness postural changes in multiple system atrophy and Parkinson's disease","volume":"11","author":"De Bernardo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12664","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.v69.2","article-title":"Journal of Pineal Research guideline for authors: measuring melatonin in humans","volume":"69","author":"Lockley","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000552","article-title":"An evaluation of the IOLMaster 700","volume":"45","author":"Bullimore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.27083","article-title":"Measuring melatonin in humans","volume":"4","author":"Benloucif","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2015.11.019","article-title":"Estimating the dim light melatonin onset of adolescents within a 6-h sampling window: the impact of sampling rate and threshold method","volume":"20","author":"Crowley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2017.09.001","article-title":"Effects of a high level of illumination before sleep at night on chorioretinal thickness and ocular biometry","volume":"164","author":"Ahn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.5.14","article-title":"PAX6 genotypic and retinal phenotypic characterization in congenital aniridia","volume":"61","author":"Pedersen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.01.020","article-title":"The cone photoreceptor mosaic in aniridia: within-family phenotype-genotype discordance","volume":"3","author":"Pedersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47148","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.47148","article-title":"Human foveal cone photoreceptor topography and its dependence on eye length","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6858","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5499","article-title":"Intersubject variability of foveal cone photoreceptor density in relation to eye length","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e01271","article-title":"Robust segmentation of retinal layers in optical coherence tomography images based on a multistage active contour model","volume":"5","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-L\u00f3pez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23719","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.17.023719","article-title":"Intra-retinal layer segmentation in optical coherence tomography images","volume":"17","author":"Mishra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Optics Express"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6568-9","article-title":"Validation of automatic wear-time detection algorithms in a free-living setting of wrist-worn and hip-worn ActiGraph GT3X+","volume":"19","author":"Knaier","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/17.3.201","article-title":"Activity-based sleep-wake identification: an empirical test of methodological issues","volume":"17","author":"Sadeh","year":"1994","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS","article-title":"Actigraphy-based sleep estimation in adolescents and adults: a comparison with polysomnography using two scoring algorithms","volume":"10","author":"Quante","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-013-1338-9","article-title":"The absence of melanopsin alters retinal clock function and dopamine regulation by light","volume":"70","author":"Dkhissi-Benyahya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12572","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12572","article-title":"A critical review of melatonin assays: past and present","volume":"67","author":"Kennaway","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2011.597531","article-title":"Calculating the dim light melatonin onset: the impact of threshold and sampling rate","volume":"28","author":"Molina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12723","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.v70.3","article-title":"Weekly, seasonal, and chronotype-dependent variation of dim-light melatonin onset","volume":"70","author":"Zerbini","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.2012.21.issue-2","article-title":"Associations between seasonal variations in day length (photoperiod), sleep timing, sleep quality and mood: a comparison between Ghana (5\u00b0) and Norway (69\u00b0)","volume":"21","author":"Friborg","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"bib60","first-page":"R885","article-title":"Seasonal variation in the human circadian rhythm: dissociation between sleep and temperature rhythm","volume":"262","author":"Honma","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1134\/S0022093021030029","article-title":"Seasonal dynamics of melatonin, prolactin, sex hormones and adrenal hormones in healthy people: a meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"Kuzmenko","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Evol Biochem Physiol"},{"key":"bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000074","article-title":"Bright light induces choroidal thickening in chickens","volume":"90","author":"Lan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5314","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20186","article-title":"Melanopsin phototransduction contributes to light-evoked choroidal expansion and rod L-type calcium channel function in vivo","volume":"57","author":"Berkowitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10803","article-title":"Effect of time spent outdoors at school on the development of myopia among children in China","volume":"314","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3182640996","article-title":"Myopia progression in Chinese children is slower in summer than in winter","volume":"89","author":"Donovan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-012-0148-1","article-title":"Seasonal variation in myopia progression and axial elongation: an evaluation of Japanese children participating in a myopia control trial","volume":"56","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2634","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10514","article-title":"Eyes in various species can shorten to compensate for myopic defocus","volume":"54","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000573","article-title":"Choroidal thickness and peripheral myopic defocus during orthokeratology","volume":"92","author":"Gardner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.8.4.9","article-title":"Weekly changes in axial length and choroidal thickness in children during and following orthokeratology treatment with different compression factors","volume":"8","author":"Lau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.4103\/tjo.tjo_110_18","article-title":"Short-term refractive and ocular parameter changes after topical atropine","volume":"10","author":"Ho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Taiwan J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.11.023","article-title":"Effect of repeated low-level red-light therapy for myopia control in children: a multicenter randomized controlled trial","volume":"129","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.v42.2","article-title":"Low-intensity, long-wavelength red light slows the progression of myopia in children: an Eastern China-based cohort","volume":"42","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4843","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-11813","article-title":"A prospective study of spherical refractive error and ocular components among Northern Irish schoolchildren (the NICER study)","volume":"54","author":"Breslin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8322","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65151-5","article-title":"The time course of the onset and recovery of axial length changes in response to imposed defocus","volume":"10","author":"Delshad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2017.06.003","article-title":"Brief hyperopic defocus or form deprivation have varying effects on eye growth and ocular rhythms depending on the time-of-day of exposure","volume":"161","author":"Nickla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.19-26711","article-title":"Ocular and systemic diurnal rhythms in emmetropic and myopic adults","volume":"60","author":"Burfield","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2019.06.006","article-title":"The association between L:M cone ratio, cone opsin genes and myopia susceptibility","volume":"162","author":"Hagen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"key":"bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.8.45","article-title":"Elevated melatonin levels found in young myopic adults are not attributable to a shift in circadian phase","volume":"61","author":"Flanagan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12773","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.v72.1","article-title":"Measuring morning melatonin levels with plasma melatonin ELISA kits is a poor choice on two levels","volume":"72","author":"Kennaway","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6688","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86007-6","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of internal components of the human crystalline lens during accommodation in adults","volume":"11","author":"Xiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.v40.5","article-title":"Changes in ocular biometry during short-term accommodation in children","volume":"40","author":"Hughes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.2.8","article-title":"Human foveal cone and RPE cell topographies and their correspondence with foveal shape","volume":"63","author":"Baraas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5886","article-title":"Race- and sex-related differences in retinal thickness and foveal pit morphology","volume":"52","author":"Wagner-Schuman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.10.3.8","article-title":"Macular thickness profile and its association with best-corrected visual acuity in healthy young adults","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/sbr.2008.6.issue-3","article-title":"Sleeping-in on the weekend delays circadian phase and increases sleepiness the following week","volume":"6","author":"Taylor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sleep Biol Rhythms"},{"key":"bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.03.019","article-title":"Influence of the time of day on axial length and choroidal thickness changes to hyperopic and myopic defocus in human eyes","volume":"182","author":"Moderiano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib28","article-title":"timeanddate AS website","author":"timeanddate.com"},{"key":"bib47","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2016"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0318-1","volume-title":"Mixed-Effects Models in S and S-PLUS","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2000"},{"key":"bib50","volume-title":"Modern Applied Statistics with S","author":"Venables","year":"2003"},{"key":"bib51","article-title":"irr: various coefficients of interrater reliability and agreement: R package version 0.84.1","author":"Gamer"},{"key":"bib80","volume-title":"Adler's Physiology of the Eye","author":"Levin","year":"2011","edition":"11th ed."}],"container-title":["Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2783788","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:31:33Z","timestamp":1791927093000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2783788"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.63.11.20","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]]}}}