{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:00:28Z","timestamp":1791928828420,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651795200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.5.8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T11:32:41Z","timestamp":1651836761000},"page":"8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin Expression and Parafoveal Blood Flow Pathways Are Altered in Preclinical Diabetic Retinopathy"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Dong","family":"An","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Chung-Wah-Cheong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dao-Yi","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandrakumar","family":"Balaratnasingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"issue":"24","key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196606162742403","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy","volume":"274","author":"Yanoff","year":"1966","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.15.12.1844","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy. A clinical overview","volume":"15","author":"Davis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1995.01100030029016","article-title":"The galactosemic dog. A valid model for both early and late stages of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"113","author":"Frank","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2018.04.003","article-title":"Early detection of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"63","author":"Safi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5 suppl","key":"bib5","first-page":"786","article-title":"Grading diabetic retinopathy from stereoscopic color fundus photographs\u2013an extension of the modified Airlie House classification. ETDRS Report Number 10","volume":"98","author":"Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3107","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.10.3107","article-title":"Pericytes and the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"51","author":"Hammes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1961.00960010368014","article-title":"Retinal vascular pattern. IV. Diabetic retinopathy","volume":"66","author":"Cogan","year":"1961","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.47.9.521","article-title":"Studies of the retinal capillaries in relation to diabetic and other retinopathies","volume":"47","author":"Ashton","year":"1963","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.9.1.9","article-title":"Retinal capillary microaneurysms: a concept of pathogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Pope","year":"1960","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(69)90004-X","article-title":"Ocular pathology of diabetes mellitus","volume":"67","author":"Yanoff","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(00)00027-6","article-title":"Oxygen distribution and consumption within the retina in vascularised and avascular retinas and in animal models of retinal disease","volume":"20","author":"Yu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.121.4.547","article-title":"Retinal oxygen: fundamental and clinical aspects","volume":"121","author":"Wangsa-Wirawan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2308","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2576","article-title":"Oxygen saturation in human retinal vessels is higher in dark than in light","volume":"50","author":"Hardarson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4728","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0694","article-title":"Intraretinal oxygen distribution in the monkey retina and the response to systemic hyperoxia","volume":"46","author":"Yu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1159\/000055622","article-title":"Regulatory mechanisms in the retinal and choroidal circulation","volume":"32","author":"Delaey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(94)90157-0","article-title":"The vascular endothelium as a regulator of the ocular circulation: a new concept in ophthalmology?","volume":"39","author":"Haefliger","year":"1994","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"34","key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11504","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1971-14.2014","article-title":"Regulation of blood flow in the retinal trilaminar vascular network","volume":"34","author":"Kornfield","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2016.00020","article-title":"Brain and retinal pericytes: origin, function and role","volume":"10","author":"Trost","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21062158","article-title":"Alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive perivascular cells in diabetic retina and choroid","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"14","key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4574","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.19-26986","article-title":"Topographic distribution of contractile protein in the human macular microvasculature","volume":"60","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2022","article-title":"Pericyte contraction induced by oxidative-nitrative stress impairs capillary reflow despite successful opening of an occluded cerebral artery","volume":"15","author":"Yemisci","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.5.000961","article-title":"In vivo adaptive optics microvascular imaging in diabetic patients without clinically severe diabetic retinopathy","volume":"5","author":"Burns","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8081165","article-title":"Retinal blood velocity and flow in early diabetes and diabetic retinopathy using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy","volume":"8","author":"Palochak","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"BIO307","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-21787","article-title":"Quantifying microvascular abnormalities with increasing severity of diabetic retinopathy using optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"58","author":"Nesper","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.10.3","article-title":"Three-dimensional characterization of the normal human parafoveal microvasculature using structural criteria and high-resolution confocal microscopy","volume":"61","author":"An","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5502","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10265","article-title":"Quantitative morphometry of perifoveal capillary networks in the human retina","volume":"53","author":"Chan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.2337\/db21-0737","article-title":"Differentiating microaneurysm pathophysiology in diabetic retinopathy through objective analysis of capillary nonperfusion, inflammation, and pericytes","volume":"71","author":"An","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22542","article-title":"Quantitative study of the macular microvasculature in human donor eyes","volume":"59","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2018.02.006","article-title":"Quantitative comparisons between optical coherence tomography angiography and matched histology in the human eye","volume":"170","author":"An","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1002\/(ISSN)1099-0844","article-title":"Lectin binding and uptake and glycoprotein characterization of isolated porcine aortic endothelial and smooth muscle cells","volume":"11","author":"Schumacher","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cell Biochem Funct"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/(ISSN)1097-0029","article-title":"Mammalian collagen IV","volume":"71","author":"Khoshnoodi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.113.1.147","article-title":"Heterogeneity of microvascular pericytes for smooth muscle type alpha-actin","volume":"113","author":"Nehls","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2018.06.001","article-title":"Markers for human brain pericytes and smooth muscle cells","volume":"92","author":"Smyth","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Chem Neuroanat"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-1312","article-title":"Characterization of smooth muscle cell and pericyte differentiation in the rat retina in vivo","volume":"45","author":"Hughes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1177\/37.3.2918221","article-title":"Alpha-smooth muscle actin, a differentiation marker of smooth muscle cells, is present in microfilamentous bundles of pericytes","volume":"37","author":"Skalli","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Histochem Cytochem"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5728","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10017","article-title":"Quantitative confocal imaging of the retinal microvasculature in the human retina","volume":"53","author":"Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5175","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-11945","article-title":"Quantitative changes in perifoveal capillary networks in patients with vascular comorbidities","volume":"54","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4327","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24105","article-title":"Three-dimensional microscopy demonstrates series and parallel organization of human peripapillary capillary plexuses","volume":"59","author":"Chandrasekera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2017.05.006","article-title":"OCT angiography and visible-light OCT in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"139","author":"Nesper","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1586\/eop.11.44","article-title":"Retinal energetics: its critical role in retinal physiology and pathology","volume":"6","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib42","first-page":"516","article-title":"Oxygen distribution in the macaque retina","volume":"34","author":"Ahmed","year":"1993","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2019.01.001","article-title":"Retinal capillary perfusion: spatial and temporal heterogeneity","volume":"70","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.78.1.298","article-title":"Vascular smooth muscle cells differ from other smooth muscle cells: predominance of vimentin filaments and a specific alpha-type actin","volume":"78","author":"Gabbiani","year":"1981","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.06.001","article-title":"Regional blood flow in the normal and ischemic brain is controlled by arteriolar smooth muscle cell contractility and not by capillary pericytes","volume":"87","author":"Hill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"51","key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22290","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1011321108","article-title":"Pericytes in capillaries are contractile in vivo, but arterioles mediate functional hyperemia in the mouse brain","volume":"107","author":"Fernandez-Klett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29280","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.29280","article-title":"Capillary pericytes mediate coronary no-reflow after myocardial ischaemia","volume":"6","author":"O'Farrell","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"2 suppl","key":"bib49","first-page":"897","article-title":"Red-cell aggregation and red-cell deformability in diabetes","volume":"25","author":"Schmid-Schonbein","year":"1976","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"861","key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00861","article-title":"Fluid shear stress sensing by the endothelial layer","volume":"11","author":"Roux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-015-0557-x","article-title":"Capillary dysfunction: its detection and causative role in dementias and stroke","volume":"15","author":"Ostergaard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1161\/hc0502.102867","article-title":"No-reflow phenomenon","volume":"105","author":"Rezkalla","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H550","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00183.2018","article-title":"No-reflow phenomenon in the heart and brain","volume":"315","author":"Kloner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib54","first-page":"437","article-title":"Cerebral ischemia. II. The no-reflow phenomenon","volume":"52","author":"Ames","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.10.2.6","article-title":"Associations between capillary diameter, capillary density, and microaneurysms in diabetic retinopathy: a high-resolution confocal microscopy study","volume":"10","author":"An","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672119895701","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic patients without diabetic retinopathy","volume":"30","author":"Furino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e811","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.2019.97.issue-5","article-title":"Capillary dropout is dominant in deep capillary plexus in early diabetic retinopathy in optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"97","author":"Kaizu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4046","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)35619-3","article-title":"Altered retinal metabolism in diabetes. I. Microanalysis of lipid, glucose, sorbitol, and myo-inositol in the choroid and in the individual layers of the rabbit retina","volume":"261","author":"MacGregor","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18358","article-title":"Local modulation of retinal vein tone","volume":"57","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib60","first-page":"1716","article-title":"Retinal blood flow by hydrogen clearance polarography in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat","volume":"34","author":"Cringle","year":"1993","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5691","key":"bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5691.264","article-title":"Degeneration of intramural pericytes in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"1","author":"Addison","year":"1970","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1963.00960040498013","article-title":"Retinal vascular patterns. VI. Mural cells of the retinal capillaries","volume":"69","author":"Kuwabara","year":"1963","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(02)00044-7","article-title":"Isolated preparations of ocular vasculature and their applications in ophthalmic research","volume":"22","author":"Yu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"bib39","volume-title":"Handbook of Physiology: Microcirculation","author":"Tuma","year":"2008","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"bib45","article-title":"Classification of brain pericytes based on cell structure, location, and a-smooth muscle actin content","volume-title":"bioRxiv","author":"Grant","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2778804","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:31:36Z","timestamp":1791927096000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2778804"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.63.5.8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]}}}