{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:59:59Z","timestamp":1791928799088,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655251200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.6.15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T11:31:38Z","timestamp":1655292698000},"page":"15","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Axial Length Distributions in Patients With Genetically Confirmed Inherited Retinal Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Katie M.","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, FoLSM, King's College London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Course Sciences, FoLSM, King's College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michalis","family":"Georgiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Jones Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelos","family":"Kalitzeos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, FoLSM, King's College London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Course Sciences, FoLSM, King's College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pirro G.","family":"Hysi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, FoLSM, King's College London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Course Sciences, FoLSM, King's College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony G.","family":"Robson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gareth","family":"Lingham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred K.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia"},{"name":"Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Mackey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Webster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Hammond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, FoLSM, King's College London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Course Sciences, FoLSM, King's College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Polina","family":"Prokhoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Michaelides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar A.","family":"Mahroo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, FoLSM, King's College London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Course Sciences, FoLSM, King's College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1038\/519276a","article-title":"The myopia boom","volume":"519","author":"Dolgin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5348","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3419","article-title":"The effect of ambient illuminance on the development of deprivation myopia in chicks","volume":"50","author":"Ashby","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000978","article-title":"Animal studies and the mechanism of myopia-protection by light?","volume":"93","author":"Ashby","year":"2016","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.07.008","article-title":"Development of refractive errors-what can we learn from inherited retinal dystrophies?","volume":"182","author":"Hendriks","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib5","first-page":"1225","article-title":"Light processing and regulators are important mechanisms in refractive error","volume":"58","author":"Tedja","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.04.008","article-title":"Genetic basis of inherited retinal disease in a molecularly characterized cohort of more than 3000 families from the United Kingdom","volume":"127","author":"Pontikos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25880","article-title":"Adaptive optics retinal imaging in CNGA3-associated achromatopsia: retinal characterization, interocular symmetry, and intrafamilial variability","volume":"60","author":"Georgiou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5112","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.19-27761","article-title":"Deep phenotyping of PDE6C-associated achromatopsia","volume":"60","author":"Georgiou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.3.40","article-title":"Photoreceptor structure in GNAT2-associated achromatopsia","volume":"61","author":"Georgiou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.11.008","article-title":"Prospective cohort study of childhood-onset Stargardt disease: fundus autofluorescence imaging, progression, comparison with adult-onset disease, and disease symmetry","volume":"211","author":"Georgiou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.4.47","article-title":"Retinal structure in RPE65-associated retinal dystrophy","volume":"61","author":"Kumaran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.19-27047","article-title":"Characterization of retinal structure in ATF6-associated achromatopsia","volume":"60","author":"Mastey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3109\/13816810.2012.755632","article-title":"Raine eye health study: design, methodology and baseline prevalence of ophthalmic disease in a birth-cohort study of young adults","volume":"34","author":"Yazar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Genet"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2019.65","article-title":"TwinsUK: the UK Adult Twin Registry update","volume":"22","author":"Verdi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Twin Res Hum Genet"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys064","article-title":"Cohort profile: the \u2018children of the 90s\u2019\u2013the index offspring of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children","volume":"42","author":"Boyd","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-014-9980-6","article-title":"The Generation R Study: Biobank update 2015","volume":"29","author":"Kruithof","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-013-9866-z","article-title":"The Rotterdam Study: 2014 objectives and design update","volume":"28","author":"Hofman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.10.021","article-title":"Interocular asymmetries in axial length and refractive error in 4 cohorts","volume":"122","author":"Mahroo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-021-01548-4","article-title":"Recurring themes during cataract assessment and surgery","volume":"35","author":"Chandra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.2018.46.issue-4","article-title":"Meta-analysis of accuracy of intraocular lens power calculation formulas in short eyes","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.12.017","article-title":"Comparison of Hoffer Q and Haigis formulae for intraocular lens power calculation according to the anterior chamber depth in short eyes","volume":"157","author":"Eom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000251","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2018-000251","article-title":"Comparison of the Kane formula with existing formulas for intraocular lens power selection","volume":"4","author":"Connell","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib23","first-page":"2","article-title":"Assessment of the accuracy of new and updated intraocular lens power calculation formulas in 10 930 eyes from the UK National Health Service","volume":"46","author":"Darcy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.023","article-title":"Effect of axial length adjustment methods on intraocular lens power calculation in highly myopic eyes","volume":"214","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.04.019","article-title":"Accuracy and precision of intraocular lens calculations using the New Hill-RBF version 2.0 in eyes with high axial myopia","volume":"205","author":"Wan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.119.3.359","article-title":"Phenotypic subtypes of Stargardt macular dystrophy\u2013fundus flavimaculatus","volume":"119","author":"Lois","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13603","article-title":"Axial length growth and the risk of developing myopia in European children","volume":"96","author":"Tideman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.01.018","article-title":"A longitudinal study of Stargardt disease: clinical and electrophysiologic assessment, progression, and genotype correlations","volume":"155","author":"Fujinami","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.08.042","article-title":"Quantitative fundus autofluorescence in ABCA4-related retinopathy - functional relevance and genotype-phenotype correlation","volume":"222","author":"Muller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.66.4.227","article-title":"Refractive errors in patients with fundus flavimaculatus","volume":"66","author":"Doka","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5183.1394","article-title":"Vision, visual acuity, and ocular refraction of young men: findings in a sample of 1,033 subjects","volume":"1","author":"Sorsby","year":"1960","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-1206","article-title":"RPGR isoforms in photoreceptor connecting cilia and the transitional zone of motile cilia","volume":"44","author":"Hong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000189","article-title":"Achromatopsia: a review","volume":"26","author":"Remmer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejhg.5201269","article-title":"CNGB3 mutations account for 50% of all cases with autosomal recessive achromatopsia","volume":"13","author":"Kohl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1086\/323613","article-title":"CNGA3 mutations in hereditary cone photoreceptor disorders","volume":"69","author":"Wissinger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(00)00026-4","article-title":"Seeing with S cones","volume":"20","author":"Calkins","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3853","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19608","article-title":"Cone photoreceptor structure in patients with X-Linked cone dysfunction and red\u2013green color vision deficiency","volume":"57","author":"Patterson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8461","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401440101","article-title":"Functional photoreceptor loss revealed with adaptive optics: an alternate cause of color blindness","volume":"101","author":"Carroll","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-0802-y","article-title":"Genome-wide association meta-analysis of corneal curvature identifies novel loci and shared genetic influences across axial length and refractive error","volume":"3","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2013.06.016","article-title":"Nine loci for ocular axial length identified through genome-wide association studies, including shared loci with refractive error","volume":"93","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-0599-0","article-title":"Meta-analysis of 542,934 subjects of European ancestry identifies new genes and mechanisms predisposing to refractive error and myopia","volume":"52","author":"Hysi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12081180","article-title":"Intermixing the OPN1LW and OPN1MW genes disrupts the exonic splicing code causing an array of vision disorders","volume":"12","author":"Neitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2455","article-title":"Evaluation of the X-linked high-grade myopia locus (MYP1) with cone dysfunction and color vision deficiencies","volume":"50","author":"Metlapally","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2019.06.006","article-title":"The association between L:M cone ratio, cone opsin genes and myopia susceptibility","volume":"162","author":"Hagen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4238","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24699","article-title":"Residual cone structure in patients with X-linked cone opsin mutations","volume":"59","author":"Patterson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2018.03.029","article-title":"M to L cone ratios determine eye sizes and baseline refractions in chickens","volume":"172","author":"Gisbert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20160712-03","article-title":"Comparison of AL-Scan and IOLMaster 500 partial coherence interferometry optical biometers","volume":"32","author":"Hoffer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Refract Surg"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2015.05.028","article-title":"Comparison of 3 biometry devices in cataract patients","volume":"41","author":"Goebels","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2014.09.001","article-title":"Congenital stationary night blindness: an analysis and update of genotype-phenotype correlations and pathogenic mechanisms","volume":"45","author":"Zeitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-021-01604-z","article-title":"Negative electroretinograms: genetic and acquired causes, diagnostic approaches and physiological insights","volume":"35","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2019.4821","article-title":"Assessing the use of incorrectly scaled optical coherence tomography angiography images in peer-reviewed studies: a systematic review","volume":"138","author":"Llanas","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3065","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-21551","article-title":"Axial length variation impacts on superficial retinal vessel density and foveal avascular zone area measurements using optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"58","author":"Sampson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"}],"container-title":["Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2783409","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:31:31Z","timestamp":1791927091000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2783409"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.63.6.15","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]}}}