{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:00:30Z","timestamp":1791928830727,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689206400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.10.14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T11:31:13Z","timestamp":1689247873000},"page":"14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Determining a Worldwide Prevalence of Oculocutaneous Albinism: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Jennifer G. R.","family":"Kromberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaitlyn A.","family":"Flynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robyn A.","family":"Kerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181a5254c","article-title":"Albinism: classification, clinical characteristics, and recent findings","volume":"86","author":"Summers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-6-212","article-title":"Albinism in Africa as a public health issue","volume":"6","author":"Hong","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41431-021-00809-w","article-title":"Clinical utility gene card for oculocutaneous (OCA) and ocular albinism (OA)\u2014an update","volume":"29","author":"Aamir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet."},{"issue":"1","key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1017\/S002193200000955X","article-title":"Studies on albinism in the South African Negro I. Intellectual maturity and body image differentiation","volume":"6","author":"Manganyi","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Biosoc Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.1989.36.issue-1","article-title":"Albinism and skin cancer in Southern Africa","volume":"36","author":"Kromberg","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.17159\/1996-2096\/2019\/v19n1a12","article-title":"Human rights violations of persons with albinism in Tanzania: the case of children in temporary holding shelters","volume":"19","author":"Kajiru","year":"2019","journal-title":"African Human Rights Law Journal;"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib12","first-page":"383","article-title":"Prevalence of albinism in the South African negro","volume":"61","author":"Kromberg","year":"1982","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.33.8.641","article-title":"Distribution of oculocutaneous albinism in Zimbabwe","volume":"33","author":"Lund","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2006.01.007","article-title":"A novel mutation (delAACT) in the tyrosinase gene in a Cameroonian black with type 1A oculocutaneous albinism","volume":"42","author":"Badens","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2639","article-title":"Birth prevalence and mutation spectrum in Danish patients with autosomal recessive albinism","volume":"50","author":"Gr\u00f8nskov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.003","article-title":"The phenotypic spectrum of albinism","volume":"125","author":"Kruijt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib17","first-page":"55","article-title":"Autosomal recessive oculocutaneous albinism in man. Evidence for genetic heterogeneity","volume":"22","author":"Witkop","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","article-title":"Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"6","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266462315000136","article-title":"A novel search builder to expedite search strategies for systematic reviews","volume":"31","author":"Kamdar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Technol Assess Health Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan\u2014a web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.34.9.733","article-title":"Oculocutaneous albinism in an isolated Tonga community in Zimbabwe","volume":"34","author":"Lund","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/jhg.2009.130","article-title":"Inheritance of a novel mutated allele of the OCA2 gene associated with high incidence of oculocutaneous albinism in a Polynesian community","volume":"55","author":"Johanson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib25","first-page":"81","article-title":"L'albinisme oculo-cutane au Cameroun, A propos de 216 observations","volume":"28","author":"Aquaron","year":"1980","journal-title":"Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3109\/13816819009015711","article-title":"Oculocutaneous albinism in Cameroon. A 15-year follow-up study","volume":"11","author":"Aquaron","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Paediatr Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib27","first-page":"167","article-title":"Clinico-epidemiologic features of oculocutaneous albinism in northeast section of Cairo \u2013 Egypt","volume":"11","author":"Mohamed","year":"2010","journal-title":"EJMHG"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1953.tb02535.x","article-title":"Albinism in South-Western Nigeria","volume":"18","author":"Barnicot","year":"1953","journal-title":"Ann Eugen"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/(ISSN)1365-2133","article-title":"Albinism in Nigeria. A clinical and social study","volume":"92","author":"Okoro","year":"1975","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"bib31","first-page":"2345","article-title":"Pigment anomalies encountered in the Transkei","volume":"48","author":"Rose","year":"1974","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460701401261","article-title":"Oculocutaneous albinism in a rural community of South Africa: a population genetic study","volume":"34","author":"Lund","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Hum Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1002\/(ISSN)1097-0142","article-title":"The Tanzanian human albino skin. Natural history","volume":"55","author":"Luande","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.32.11.859","article-title":"Oculocutaneous albinism among schoolchildren in Harare, Zimbabwe","volume":"32","author":"Kagore","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(72)90113-4","article-title":"Albinos in Borneo","volume":"1","author":"Abrahams","year":"1972","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib36","first-page":"156","article-title":"The incidence of consanguineous matings in Japan, with remarks on the estimation of comparative gene frequencies and the expected rate of appearance of induced recessive mutations","volume":"1","author":"Neel","year":"1949","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.1987.31.issue-4","article-title":"Albinism, or the NOACH syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Van Dorp","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/ahg.1960.24.issue-3","article-title":"Albinism in Northern Ireland","volume":"24","author":"Froggatt","year":"1960","journal-title":"Ann Hum Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib39","first-page":"723","article-title":"Oculocutaneous albinism and consanguineous marriage among Spanish Gitanos or Cal\u00e9\u2013a study of 83 cases","volume":"37","author":"Gamella","year":"2013","journal-title":"Coll Antropol"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib40","first-page":"483","article-title":"Prevalence of congenital anomaly syndromes in a Spanish gypsy population","volume":"29","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Fr\u00edas","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.1976.tb01552.x","article-title":"Incidence of albinism in British Columbia (B.C.). Separation by hairbulb test","volume":"9","author":"McLeod","year":"1976","journal-title":"Clin Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib42","first-page":"23","article-title":"Albinism among Indians in Arizona and New Mexico","volume":"17","author":"Woolf","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"3875","key":"bib43","first-page":"30","article-title":"Hopi Indians, inbreeding, and albinism","volume":"164","author":"Woolf","year":"1969","journal-title":"Science (1979)"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1086\/345380","article-title":"A 122.5-kilobase deletion of the P gene underlies the high prevalence of oculocutaneous albinism type 2 in the Navajo population","volume":"72","author":"Yi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1002\/(ISSN)1096-8644","article-title":"Further notes on albinism among the San Blas Cuna, Panama","volume":"4","author":"Stout","year":"1946","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jhered.a107304","article-title":"The incidence of the Cuna Moon-Child Albinos","volume":"55","author":"Keeler","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Hered."},{"issue":"2","key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/ahg.1961.25.issue-2","article-title":"Rare genetic conditions among the Gaingang Indians","volume":"25","author":"Salzano","year":"1961","journal-title":"Ann Hum Genet"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1159\/000152991","article-title":"Genetic investigations in a Northern Brazilian island. II. Random drift","volume":"28","author":"Freire-Maia","year":"1978","journal-title":"Hum Hered"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib49","first-page":"586","article-title":"An intragenic deletion of the P gene is the common mutation causing tyrosinase-positive oculocutaneous albinism in southern African Negroids","volume":"56","author":"Stevens","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990.1","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-305136","article-title":"Are worldwide albinism prevalence figures an accurate reflection? An incidental finding from a Northern Ireland study","volume":"98","author":"Healey","year":"2014","journal-title":"BJO"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2019.12.010","article-title":"Albinism: an underdiagnosed condition","volume":"140","author":"Arveiler","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-2-43","article-title":"Oculocutaneous albinism","volume":"2","author":"Gr\u00f8nskov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.4102\/ajod.v11i0.877","article-title":"Oculocutaneous albinism in southern Africa: Historical background, genetic, clinical and psychosocial issues","volume":"11","author":"Kromberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Afr J Disabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib55","first-page":"169","article-title":"Study on genetic epidemiology of albinism","volume":"21","author":"Gong","year":"1994","journal-title":"Yi Chuan Xue Bao"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s12687-013-0153-1","article-title":"Genetic services and testing in the Sultanate of Oman. Sultanate of Oman steps into modern genetics","volume":"4","author":"Rajab","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Community Genet"},{"key":"bib2","article-title":"A monograph on albinism in man","volume-title":"Research Memoirs Biometric Series","author":"Pearson","year":"1913"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-813316-3.00003-9","article-title":"Epidemiology of albinism","volume-title":"Albinism in Africa: historical, geographical, medical, genetic, and psychosocial aspects","author":"Kromberg","year":"2018"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-813316-3.00007-6","article-title":"Albinism and the eye","volume-title":"Albinism in Africa: historical, geographical, medical, genetic, and psychosocial aspects","author":"Williams","year":"2018"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-813316-3.00006-4","article-title":"Dermatological aspects of albinism","volume-title":"Albinism in Africa: historical, geographical, medical, genetic, and psychosocial aspects","author":"Hartshorne","year":"2018"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-813316-3.00008-8","article-title":"Visual rehabilitation and albinism","volume-title":"Albinism in Africa: historical, geographical, medical, genetic and psychosocial aspects","author":"Kammer","year":"2018"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-813316-3.00004-0","article-title":"Prevalence and population genetics of albinism","volume-title":"Albinism in Africa: historical, geographical, medical, genetic, and psychosocial aspects","author":"Lund","year":"2018"},{"key":"bib22","article-title":"Systematic reviews of etiology and risk","volume-title":"JBI manual for evidence synthesis","author":"Moola","year":"2020"},{"key":"bib30","first-page":"197","article-title":"Skin cancer in Africa","volume-title":"National Cancer Institute Monograph","author":"Oettle","year":"1963"},{"key":"bib52","volume-title":"Albinism in Africa. historical, geographical, medical, genetic, and psychosocial aspects","author":"Kromberg","year":"2018"},{"key":"bib57","volume-title":"Report of the Independent Expert on the Enjoyment of Human Rights by Persons with Albinism","author":"Ero","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2791301","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:31:38Z","timestamp":1791927098000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2791301"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.64.10.14","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]}}}