{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:00:11Z","timestamp":1791928811354,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703030400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.15.23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T10:30:53Z","timestamp":1703068253000},"page":"23","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Adapting to Visual Noise Alleviates Visual Snow"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Samantha A.","family":"Montoya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carter B.","family":"Mulder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael-Paul","family":"Schallmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen A.","family":"Engel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.v27.5","article-title":"Prevalence of visual snow syndrome in the UK","volume":"27","author":"Kondziella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703006","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.703006","article-title":"The psychiatric symptomology of visual snow syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Solly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417738202","article-title":"The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition","volume":"38","author":"Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS)","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2514183X2092569","DOI":"10.1177\/2514183X20925695","article-title":"Mirtazapine for treatment of visual snow syndrome: a case series with insights into pathophysiology and therapy","volume":"4","author":"Eren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Transl Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-318653","article-title":"Evaluation of treatment response and symptom progression in 400 patients with visual snow syndrome","volume":"106","author":"Puledda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e398","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007825","article-title":"Treatment effects and comorbid diseases in 58 patients with visual snow","volume":"93","author":"van Dongen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s41470-018-0014-7","article-title":"Could repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) help patients with visual snow?","volume":"60","author":"Luk\u00e1cov\u00e1","year":"2018","journal-title":"Act Nerv Super (Praha)"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102421996355","article-title":"Two hundred and forty-eight cases of visual snow: a review of potential inciting events and contributing comorbidities","volume":"41","author":"Mehta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"bib9","first-page":"713","article-title":"Visual snow syndrome: symptoms and ophthalmological findings","volume":"05","author":"Tegetmeyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thieme"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743608","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.743608","article-title":"Diagnostic evaluation of visual snow","volume":"12","author":"Vaphiades","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2020.16.4.646","article-title":"Neuro-ophthalmologic findings in visual snow syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Yoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001757","article-title":"Analysis of retinal structure and electrophysiological function in visual snow syndrome: an exploratory case series","volume":"43","author":"Zaroban","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582031","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.582031","article-title":"Abnormal connectivity and brain structure in patients with visual snow","volume":"14","author":"Aldusary","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"bib14","first-page":"3387","article-title":"Visual snow patients show functional hyperconnectivity and structural abnormalities of brain regions involved in visual processing","volume":"61","author":"Traber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1792","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010530","article-title":"Occipital cortex and cerebellum gray matter changes in visual snow syndrome","volume":"95","author":"Puledda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.v42.7","article-title":"Disrupted connectivity within visual, attentional and salience networks in the visual snow syndrome","volume":"42","author":"Puledda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.v7.3","article-title":"Insular and occipital changes in visual snow syndrome: a BOLD fMRI and MRS study","volume":"7","author":"Puledda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa053","article-title":"Structural and functional footprint of visual snow syndrome","volume":"143","author":"Schankin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.4103\/nsn.nsn_193_21","article-title":"The role of occipital cortex hyperexcitability in visual snow syndrome","volume":"39","author":"Unal-Cevik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol Sci Neurophysiol"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-022-00949-0","article-title":"Simultaneous 18F-FDG PET\/MR metabolic and structural changes in visual snow syndrome and diagnostic use","volume":"12","author":"Van Laere","year":"2022","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3155","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00086.2007","article-title":"Visual adaptation: physiology, mechanisms, and functional benefits","volume":"97","author":"Kohn","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1146\/vision.2015.1.issue-1","article-title":"Visual adaptation","volume":"1","author":"Webster","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(98)01142-5","article-title":"The motion aftereffect","volume":"2","author":"Anstis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2012.10.012","article-title":"What is the best fixation target? The effect of target shape on stability of fixational eye movements","volume":"76","author":"Thaler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2015.12.001","article-title":"Visual snow: a thalamocortical dysrhythmia of the visual pathway?","volume":"28","author":"Lauschke","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.20982\/tqmp.04.2.p061","article-title":"Confidence intervals from normalized data: a correction to Cousineau (2005)","volume":"4","author":"Morey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tutor Quant Methods Psychol"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(91)90113-J","article-title":"The time course of adaptation to spatial contrast","volume":"31","author":"Greenlee","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4377","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2008.156638","article-title":"Functional circuitry of visual adaptation in the retina: retinal mechanisms for visual adaptation","volume":"586","author":"Demb","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00899-1","article-title":"Human brain activity during illusory visual jitter as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"35","author":"Sasaki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-306827","article-title":"Should \u2018visual snow\u2019 and persistence of after-images be recognised as a new visual syndrome?","volume":"85","author":"Bessero","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu050","article-title":"\u2018Visual snow\u2019 \u2013 a disorder distinct from persistent migraine aura","volume":"137","author":"Schankin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9607","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88788-2","article-title":"Eye movement characteristics provide an objective measure of visual processing changes in patients with visual snow syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Solly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab383","article-title":"Visual contrast perception in visual snow syndrome reveals abnormal neural gain but not neural noise","volume":"145","author":"Brooks","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-021-01355-y","article-title":"Age- and frequency-dependent changes in dynamic contrast perception in visual snow syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Eren","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003784","article-title":"Behavioral measures of cortical hyperexcitability assessed in people who experience visual snow","volume":"88","author":"McKendrick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1167\/4.1.7","article-title":"A bias-free measure of retinotopic tilt adaptation","volume":"14","author":"Morgan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1167\/14.3.20","article-title":"A new two-alternative forced choice method for the unbiased characterization of perceptual bias and discriminability","volume":"14","author":"Jogan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738599","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.738599","article-title":"Delayed onset of inhibition of return in visual snow syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Foletta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1784","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010372","article-title":"Ocular motor measures of visual processing changes in visual snow syndrome","volume":"95","author":"Solly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"bib24","first-page":"1","article-title":"What's new in psychtoolbox-3","author":"Kleiner","year":"2007"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/9zmaf","article-title":"What does visual snow look like? Quantification by matching a simulation","author":"Montoya","year":"2023"},{"key":"bib40","volume-title":"Seeing?: illusion, brain, and mind\/John P. Frisby","author":"Frisby","year":"1979"}],"container-title":["Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2793208","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:31:41Z","timestamp":1791927101000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2793208"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.64.15.23","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]}}}