{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:00:14Z","timestamp":1791928814096,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682035200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.4.26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T12:53:15Z","timestamp":1682081595000},"page":"26","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Contrast Increment and Decrement Processing in Individuals With and Without Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Vanessa Thien Sze","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert Charles Andrew","family":"Symons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Eye Research Australia, East Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spiros","family":"Fourlanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia"},{"name":"Department Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia"},{"name":"Australian Centre for Accelerating Diabetes Innovations, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daryl","family":"Guest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison Maree","family":"McKendrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia"},{"name":"Division of Optometry, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia"},{"name":"Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.003","article-title":"A critical review: Psychophysical assessments of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"66","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-1453","article-title":"Functional and structural findings of neurodegeneration in early stages of diabetic retinopathy: Cross-sectional analyses of baseline data of the EUROCONDOR project","volume":"66","author":"Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2655","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1522014113","article-title":"Retinal neurodegeneration may precede microvascular changes characteristic of diabetic retinopathy in diabetes mellitus","volume":"113","author":"Sohn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3705","article-title":"Contrast sensitivity mediated by inferred magno- and parvocellular pathways in type 2 diabetics with and without nonproliferative retinopathy","volume":"52","author":"Gualtieri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.20.11.1724","article-title":"Visual function in young IDDM patients over 8 years of age. A 4-year longitudinal study","volume":"20","author":"North","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1994.tb07180.x","article-title":"Visual fields at different stages of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"72","author":"Henricsson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2006.07.001","article-title":"A multifocal electroretinogram model predicting the development of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"25","author":"Bearse","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-1157","article-title":"Local diabetic retinopathy prediction by multifocal ERG delays over 3 years","volume":"49","author":"Ng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthal mol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-010-9245-y","article-title":"Multifocal VEP (mfVEP) reveals abnormal neuronal delays in diabetes","volume":"121","author":"Wolff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-21863","article-title":"Multidimensional functional and structural evaluation reveals neuroretinal impairment in early diabetic retinopathy","volume":"58","author":"Joltikov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib11","first-page":"1620","article-title":"Diabetes changes the levels of ionotropic glutamate receptors in the rat retina","volume":"15","author":"Santiago","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-26359","article-title":"ON-type retinal ganglion cells are preferentially affected in STZ-induced diabetic mice","volume":"60","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2635","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0683","article-title":"Dendrite remodeling and other abnormalities in the retinal ganglion cells of Ins2(Akita) diabetic mice","volume":"49","author":"Gastinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1419-14.2015","article-title":"Characteristic patterns of dendritic remodeling in early-stage glaucoma: Evidence from genetically identified retinal ganglion cell types","volume":"35","author":"El-Danaf","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1038\/322824a0","article-title":"Functions of the ON and OFF channels of the visual system","volume":"322","author":"Schiller","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(92)90017-3","article-title":"The On and Off channels of the visual system","volume":"15","author":"Schiller","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800001085","article-title":"Asymmetries in ON and OFF visual pathways of humans revealed using contrast-evoked cortical potentials","volume":"1","author":"Zemon","year":"1988","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.58.000696","article-title":"Increment and decrement visual thresholds","volume":"58","author":"Patel","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Opt Soc Am"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(89)90134-X","article-title":"Sawtooth contrast sensitivity: Decrements have the edge","volume":"29","author":"Bowen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1167\/16.15.18","article-title":"Orientation discrimination requires coactivation of on- and off-dominated visual channels","volume":"16","author":"Luo-Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8654","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0504-11.2011","article-title":"Darks are processed faster than lights","volume":"31","author":"Komban","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.02.020","article-title":"Neuronal and perceptual differences in the temporal processing of darks and lights","volume":"82","author":"Komban","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1167\/8.6.345","article-title":"V1 responses to different types of luminance histogram contrast","volume":"8","author":"Olman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523803202091","article-title":"Cell density ratios in a foveal patch in macaque retina","volume":"20","author":"Ahmad","year":"2003","journal-title":"Visual Neurosci"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2009.170704","article-title":"Receptive fields and functional architecture in the retina","volume":"587","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9666","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.20.9666","article-title":"Dendritic field size and morphology of midget and parasol ganglion-cells of the human retina","volume":"89","author":"Dacey","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6122","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10293","article-title":"Associations between Local Retinal Thickness and Function in Early Diabetes","volume":"53","author":"Dhamdhere","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12128","article-title":"The visual and functional impacts of astigmatism and its clinical management","volume":"34","author":"Read","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(03)00475-5","article-title":"Proposed international clinical diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema disease severity scales","volume":"110","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-01193-y","article-title":"PsychoPy2: Experiments in behavior made easy","volume":"51","author":"Peirce","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1968.sp008574","article-title":"Application of Fourier analysis to the visibility of gratings","volume":"197","author":"Campbell","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(73)90187-9","article-title":"Orientation and spatial frequency channels in peripheral vision","volume":"13","author":"Sharpe","year":"1973","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03202603","article-title":"Fitting the ex-Gaussian equation to reaction time distributions","volume":"20","author":"Dawson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1037\/h0021740","article-title":"Inferred components of reaction times as functions of foreperiod duration","volume":"69","author":"Hohle","year":"1965","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2016-008","article-title":"Quickpsy: An R package to fit psychometric functions for multiple groups","volume":"8","author":"Linares","year":"2016","journal-title":"The R Journal"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03194545","article-title":"The psychometric function: II. Bootstrap-based confidence intervals and sampling","volume":"63","author":"Wichmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.10.34","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Report 1: Diabetic retinopathy","volume":"9","author":"Barraso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1985.01050010055018","article-title":"Contrast sensitivity in diabetics with and without background retinopathy","volume":"103","author":"Sokol","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol - Chic"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.66.8.492","article-title":"Contrast sensitivity in diabetic subjects with and without retinopathy","volume":"66","author":"Ghafour","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1983.tb01399.x","article-title":"Contrast sensitivity in evaluation of visual impairment due to diabetes","volume":"61","author":"Hyvarinen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.15.5.620","article-title":"Nonselective loss of contrast sensitivity in visual system testing in early type 1 diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Di Leo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s004170100268","article-title":"Neurovisual abnormalities preceding the retinopathy in patients with long-term type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"239","author":"Lopes de Faria","year":"2001","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1987.01060110090039","article-title":"Normal variability of static perimetric threshold values across the central visual field","volume":"105","author":"Heijl","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI2425","article-title":"Neural apoptosis in the retina during experimental and human diabetes - Early onset and effect of insulin","volume":"102","author":"Barber","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R668","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00058.2011","article-title":"Insulin and glucagon share the same mechanism of neuroprotection in diabetic rats: Role of glutamate","volume":"301","author":"Fanne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy142","article-title":"Insulin signalling promotes dendrite and synapse regeneration and restores circuit function after axonal injury","volume":"141","author":"Agostinone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2011.05.003","article-title":"Acute hypoglycemia decreases central retinal function in the human eye","volume":"51","author":"Khan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/nn2029","article-title":"On and off domains of geniculate afferents in cat primary visual cortex","volume":"11","author":"Jin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1310442111","article-title":"Neuronal nonlinearity explains greater visual spatial resolution for darks than lights","volume":"111","author":"Kremkow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11753","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1991-09.2009","article-title":"\u201cBlack\u201d responses dominate macaque primary visual cortex V1","volume":"29","author":"Yeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2012.11.006","article-title":"Amplitude difference and similar time course of impulse responses in positive- and negative-contrast detection","volume":"77","author":"Shi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1167\/12.10.8","article-title":"Black-white asymmetry in visual perception","volume":"12","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"B26","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.35.000B26","article-title":"Age-related changes in ON and OFF responses to luminance increments and decrements","volume":"35","author":"Shinomori","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis"},{"key":"bib33","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2019"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195070019.003.0003","volume-title":"Response Times: Their Role in Inferring Elementary Mental Organization","author":"Luce","year":"1991"}],"container-title":["Investigative Opthalmology &amp; Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2785555","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:31:41Z","timestamp":1791927101000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2785555"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.64.4.26","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]]}}}