{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T23:16:33Z","timestamp":1793229393429,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723161600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.10.18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T11:31:01Z","timestamp":1723203061000},"page":"18","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Topographic Measurement of the Subretinal Pigment Epithelium Space in Normal Aging and Age-Related Macular Degeneration Using High-Resolution OCT"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Jungeun","family":"Won","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States"},{"name":"New England Eye Center, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan B.","family":"Ploner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenke","family":"Karbole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Abu-Qamar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New England Eye Center, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Yaghy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New England Eye Center, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Marmalidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New England Eye Center, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New England Eye Center, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunchan","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junhong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre","family":"Witkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New England Eye Center, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shilpa","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New England Eye Center, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline R.","family":"Baumal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New England Eye Center, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine A.","family":"Curcio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia K.","family":"Waheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New England Eye Center, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James G.","family":"Fujimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70145-1","article-title":"Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e144","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30489-7","article-title":"Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"9","author":"GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators, Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1146\/genom.2014.15.issue-1","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration: genetics and biology coming together","volume":"15","author":"Fritsche","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Rev Genomics Hum Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00265-2","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration","volume":"7","author":"Fleckenstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0443","article-title":"Relationship of basal laminar deposit and membranous debris to the clinical presentation of early age-related macular degeneration","volume":"48","author":"Sarks","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"13","key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.13.19","article-title":"Measuring the contributions of basal laminar deposit and Bruch's membrane in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"61","author":"Sura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.01.040","article-title":"Nonexudative macular neovascularization supporting outer retina in age-related macular degeneration: a clinicopathologic correlation","volume":"127","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.7.12","article-title":"High-speed, ultrahigh-resolution spectral-domain OCT with extended imaging range using reference arm length matching","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100277","article-title":"Ultrahigh resolution OCT markers of normal aging and early age-related macular degeneration","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci"},{"key":"bib10","first-page":"64","article-title":"Role of the retinal pigment epithelium in macular disease","volume":"76","author":"Hogan","year":"1972","journal-title":"Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"Part 2","key":"bib11","first-page":"466","article-title":"Structure, function, and pathology of Bruch's membrane","volume":"1","author":"Curcio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(01)00580-2","article-title":"Delays in rod-mediated dark adaptation in early age-related maculopathy","volume":"108","author":"Owsley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.12.023","article-title":"Cone- and rod-mediated dark adaptation impairment in age-related maculopathy","volume":"114","author":"Owsley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.09.041","article-title":"Delayed rod-mediated dark adaptation is a functional biomarker for incident early age-related macular degeneration","volume":"123","author":"Owsley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.09.039","article-title":"Longitudinal study of dark adaptation as a functional outcome measure for age-related macular degeneration","volume":"126","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"13","key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5436","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19295","article-title":"Assessment of retinotopic rod photoreceptor function using a dark-adapted chromatic perimeter in intermediate age-related macular degeneration","volume":"57","author":"Fraser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"AMD114","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24211","article-title":"Determining optimal test parameters for assessing dark adaptation in people with intermediate age-related macular degeneration","volume":"59","author":"Binns","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22874","article-title":"Characterization of rod function phenotypes across a range of age-related macular degeneration severities and subretinal drusenoid deposits","volume":"59","author":"Flynn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100274","article-title":"Biologically guided optimization of test target location for rod-mediated dark adaptation in age-related macular degeneration: Alabama Study on Early Age-Related Macular Degeneration 2 Baseline","volume":"3","author":"Owsley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31827e25e0","article-title":"Subretinal drusenoid deposits in non-neovascular age-related macular degeneration: morphology, prevalence, topography, and biogenesis model","volume":"33","author":"Curcio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.2.26","article-title":"Topographic distribution and progression of soft drusen volume in age-related macular degeneration implicate neurobiology of fovea","volume":"62","author":"Pollreisz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.3.4","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration, a mathematically tractable disease","volume":"65","author":"Curcio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.11.7.17","article-title":"How vision is impaired from aging to early and intermediate age-related macular degeneration: insights from ALSTAR2 baseline","volume":"11","author":"Owsley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.10.036","article-title":"Clinical classification of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"120","author":"Ferris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1038\/86589","article-title":"Ultrahigh-resolution ophthalmic optical coherence tomography","volume":"7","author":"Drexler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"bib28","article-title":"Deep-learning enabled accurate Bruch's membrane segmentation in ultrahigh-resolution spectral domain and ultrahigh-speed swept source optical coherence tomography","author":"Lin","year":"2022.","journal-title":"MIT Masters Thesis"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.03.015","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of reticular pseudodrusen in the fellow eye of patients with unilateral neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"121","author":"Hogg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.10.029","article-title":"Reticular pseudodrusen and their association with age-related macular degeneration: The Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study","volume":"123","author":"Finger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.12.7.12","article-title":"High-resolution optical coherence tomography in healthy individuals provides resolution at the cellular and subcellular levels","volume":"12","author":"Reche","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.11.6.2","article-title":"Macular vascular imaging and connectivity analysis using high-resolution optical coherence tomography","volume":"11","author":"Cabral","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.8.3.34","article-title":"Determinants of macular layers and optic disc characteristics on SD-OCT: the Rhineland Study","volume":"8","author":"Mauschitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"AMD202","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24227","article-title":"Slowed dark adaptation in early AMD: dual stimulus reveals scotopic and photopic abnormalities","volume":"59","author":"Tahir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-26385","article-title":"Longitudinal assessment of rod function in intermediate age-related macular degeneration with and without reticular pseudodrusen","volume":"60","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2015.1011282","article-title":"Comparison of visual function in older eyes in the earliest stages of age-related macular degeneration to those in normal macular health","volume":"41","author":"Owsley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-020-01467-0","article-title":"Functionally validated imaging endpoints in the Alabama Study on Early Age-Related Macular Degeneration 2 (ALSTAR2): design and methods","volume":"20","author":"Curcio","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.77.9.549","article-title":"Symptomatic abnormalities of dark adaptation in patients with age-related Bruch's membrane change","volume":"77","author":"Steinmetz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.4.1","article-title":"Exploring a structural basis for delayed rod-mediated dark adaptation in age-related macular degeneration via deep learning","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2023.2240547","article-title":"Discernibility of the interdigitation zone (IZ), a potential optical coherence tomography (OCT) biomarker for visual dysfunction in aging","volume":"48","author":"Berlin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.2.1","article-title":"Potential structural biomarkers in 3D images validated by the first functional biomarker for early age-related macular degeneration \u2013 ALSTAR2 baseline","volume":"65","author":"Fasih-Ahmad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000003463","article-title":"A common finding in foveal-sparing extensive macular atrophy with pseudodrusen implicates basal laminar deposits","volume":"42","author":"Fragiotta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.11.007","article-title":"Structural OCT signs suggestive of subclinical nonexudative macular neovascularization in eyes with large drusen","volume":"127","author":"Narita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2023.10.006","article-title":"The double layer sign is highly predictive of progression to exudation in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"8","author":"Csincsik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.06.017","article-title":"Two-year risk of exudation in eyes with nonexudative age-related macular degeneration and subclinical neovascularization detected with swept source optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"208","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2018.10.012","article-title":"Predictive value of the OCT double-layer sign for identifying subclinical neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"3","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2023.10.006","article-title":"The double layer sign is highly predictive of progression to exudation in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"8","author":"Csincsik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-16434-7_50","article-title":"A spatiotemporal model for precise and efficient fully-automatic 3D motion correction in OCT.","volume-title":"Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention MICCAI 2022. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 13432","author":"Ploner","year":"2022"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBI53787.2023.10230526","article-title":"A spatiotemporal illumination model for 3D image fusion in optical coherence tomography.","volume-title":"IEEE 20th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI), 18-21 April 2023, Cartagena, Colombia","author":"Ploner","year":"2023"},{"key":"bib29","first-page":"350","volume-title":"3D deep learning-based boundary regression of an age-related retinal biomarker in high resolution OCT","author":"Karbole","year":"2024"},{"key":"bib34","first-page":"234","volume-title":"U-net: Convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation","author":"Ronneberger","year":"2015"}],"container-title":["Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2800674","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:31:48Z","timestamp":1791927108000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2800674"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.65.10.18","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]}}}