{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:01:20Z","timestamp":1791928880240,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733097600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.14.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T09:30:56Z","timestamp":1733131856000},"page":"2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Umbra and the Penumbra: Longitudinal Effects of Geographic Atrophy in AMD on the Outer Choroid by Imaging Analysis and Histopathological Correlation"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Enrico","family":"Borrelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, \u201cCity of Health and Science\u201d Hospital, Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Cappellani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vickie and Jack Farber Vision Research Center, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States"},{"name":"Retina Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose S.","family":"Pulido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vickie and Jack Farber Vision Research Center, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States"},{"name":"Retina Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Pauleikhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Franziskus Hospital, M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imran A.","family":"Bhutto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. Scott","family":"McLeod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Reibaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, \u201cCity of Health and Science\u201d Hospital, Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malia M.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.10.036","article-title":"Clinical classification of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"120","author":"Ferris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4S","key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.01.033","article-title":"Prevalence of age-related maculopathy: the Beaver Dam Eye Study","volume":"127","author":"Klein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.06.020","article-title":"The border of macular atrophy in age-related macular degeneration: a clinicopathologic correlation","volume":"193","author":"Dolz-Marco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00265-2","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration","volume":"7","author":"Fleckenstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2012.04.005","article-title":"Understanding age-related macular degeneration (AMD): relationships between the photoreceptor\/retinal pigment epithelium\/Bruch's membrane\/choriocapillaris complex","volume":"33","author":"Bhutto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Aspects Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4982","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3639","article-title":"Relationship between RPE and choriocapillaris in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"50","author":"McLeod","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.3519","article-title":"Histopathological insights into choroidal vascular loss in clinically documented cases of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"134","author":"Seddon","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.3.2","article-title":"Clinicopathologic findings in three siblings with geographic atrophy","volume":"64","author":"Edwards","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.07.002","article-title":"OCT angiography and evaluation of the choroid and choroidal vascular disorders","volume":"67","author":"Borrelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4792","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22360","article-title":"Alterations in the choriocapillaris in intermediate age-related macular degeneration","author":"Borrelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.08.014","article-title":"Topographical analysis of the choriocapillaris in intermediate age-related macular degeneration","volume":"196","author":"Borrelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1963.00960040226014","article-title":"Senile choroidal vascular patterns and drusen","volume":"69","author":"Friedman","year":"1963","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.83.3.358","article-title":"Early drusen formation in the normal and aging eye and their relation to age related maculopathy: a clinicopathological study","volume":"83","author":"Sarks","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6476","article-title":"Choriocapillaris vascular dropout related to density of drusen in human eyes with early age-related macular degeneration","volume":"52","author":"Mullins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0212563","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212563","article-title":"Choriocapillaris flow impairment surrounding geographic atrophy correlates with disease progression","volume":"14","author":"Nassisi","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.12.015","article-title":"Correlations between choriocapillaris and choroidal measurements and the growth of geographic atrophy using swept source OCT imaging","volume":"224","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.01.024","article-title":"Correlations between choriocapillaris flow deficits around geographic atrophy and enlargement rates based on swept-source OCT imaging","volume":"3","author":"Thulliez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2012.12.001","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography: Imaging of the choroid and beyond","volume":"58","author":"Mrejen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20150521-02","article-title":"Association between subfoveal choroidal thickness, reticular pseudodrusen, and geographic atrophy in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"46","author":"Thorell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14933","article-title":"Choroidal thickness in geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration","volume":"56","author":"Lindner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-024-06399-9","article-title":"OCT risk factors for 2-year foveal involvement in non-treated eyes with extrafoveal geographic atrophy and AMD","volume":"262","author":"Borrelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8755","article-title":"Signal quality assessment of retinal optical coherence tomography images","volume":"53","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.09.028","article-title":"Consensus definition for atrophy associated with age-related macular degeneration on OCT: Classification of Atrophy Report 3","volume":"125","author":"Sadda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4982","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3639","article-title":"Rela between RPE and choriocapillaris in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"50","author":"McLeod","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20160601-03","article-title":"Quantitative characteristics of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in corresponding areas of increased autofluorescence at the margin of geographic atrophy in patients with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"47","author":"Hariri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.05.007","article-title":"Retinal sensitivity at the junctional zone of eyes with geographic atrophy due to age-related macular degeneration","volume":"168","author":"Hariri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2021.10.032","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography measurements of the retinal pigment epithelium to Bruch membrane thickness around geographic atrophy correlate with growth","volume":"236","author":"Chu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2022.08.012","article-title":"Does the outer retinal thickness around geographic atrophy represent another clinical biomarker for predicting growth?","volume":"244","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2023.05.004","article-title":"Progression dynamics of early versus later stage atrophic lesions in nonneovascular age-related macular degeneration using quantitative OCT biomarker segmentation","volume":"7","author":"Coulibaly","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2021.100994","article-title":"Exploring the choroidal vascular labyrinth and its molecular and structural roles in health and disease","volume":"87","author":"Brinks","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2009.10.004","article-title":"Low nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) in eyes with age-related macular degeneration (AMD)","volume":"90","author":"Bhutto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"}],"container-title":["Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2802301","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:31:49Z","timestamp":1791927109000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2802301"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.65.14.2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]}}}