{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:00:54Z","timestamp":1791928854588,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715126400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.5.16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T13:01:18Z","timestamp":1716296478000},"page":"16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Outer Retinal Thickness Is Associated With Cognitive Function in Normal Aging to Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Owsley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Gerald","family":"McGwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Swain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark E.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy N.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Goerdt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth R.","family":"Sloan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily H.","family":"Trittschuh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Puget Sound Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle, Washington, United States"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States"},{"name":"The Roger and Angie Karalis Johnson Retina Center, Seattle, Washington, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia P.","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States"},{"name":"The Roger and Angie Karalis Johnson Retina Center, Seattle, Washington, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia S.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States"},{"name":"The Roger and Angie Karalis Johnson Retina Center, Seattle, Washington, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine A.","family":"Curcio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(01)00620-4","article-title":"Morphological and functional retinal impairment in Alzheimer's disease patients","volume":"112","author":"Parisi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wno.0000204645.56873.26","article-title":"Relationship between cognitive impairment and retinal morphological and visual functional abnormalities","volume":"26","author":"Iseri","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.02.090","article-title":"Abnormal retinal thickness in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"420","author":"Paquet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1029","article-title":"Retinal abnormalities in early Alzheimer's disease","volume":"48","author":"Berisha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2011.02.014","article-title":"Retinal thickness in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"113","author":"Kesler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5953","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12046","article-title":"Evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell layer thickness in Alzheimer's disease using spectral domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"54","author":"Marziani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-014-7374-z","article-title":"Retinal alternations in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: an optical coherence tomography study","volume":"261","author":"Ascalo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-015-0268-6","article-title":"Thinner changes of the retinal nerve fiber layer in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e454","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.2016.94.issue-6","article-title":"Ganglion cell layer measurements correlated with disease severity in patients with Alzheimer's disease","volume":"94","author":"Garcia-Martin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-017-3715-9","article-title":"OCT in Alzheimer's disease: thinning of the RNFL and superior hemiretina","volume":"255","author":"Cunha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2021.0320","article-title":"Association of retinal changes with Alzheimer disease neuroimaging biomarkers in cognitively normal individuals","volume":"139","author":"Byun","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib12","first-page":"196","article-title":"Change in retinal structural anatomy during the preclinical stage of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"10","author":"Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4576","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-3181","article-title":"Association of cognitive functioning with retinal nerve fiber thickness","volume":"50","author":"van Koolwijk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19067","article-title":"Retinal nerve fiber layer measures and cognitive function in the EPIC-Norfolk Cohort Study","volume":"57","author":"Khawaja","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.1578","article-title":"Association of retinal nerve fiber layer thinning with current and future cognitive decline. A study using optical coherence tomography","volume":"75","author":"Ko","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.04.040","article-title":"Retinal biomarkers of Alzheimer disease","volume":"218","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.v16.1","article-title":"Developing retinal biomarkers for the earliest stages of Alzheimer's disease: what we know, what we don't, and how to move forward","volume":"16","author":"Alber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.v17.1","article-title":"Retinal imaging in Alzheimer's and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"17","author":"Snyder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.v20.1","article-title":"Retinal pathology as a target for biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease: current status, ophthalmopathological background, challenges, and future directions","volume":"20","author":"Alber","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.06.2856","article-title":"Associations between recent and established ophthalmic conditions and risk of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.11.001","article-title":"Association of age-related macular degeneration on Alzheimer or Parkinson disease: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"210","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.12.029","article-title":"The association between vision impairment and incidence of dementia and cognitive impairment","volume":"128","author":"Shang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2011-101908","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): Alzheimer's disease in the eye?","volume":"24","author":"Kaarniranta","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"bib24","first-page":"e210008","article-title":"Understanding the brain through aging eyes","volume":"3","author":"Blazes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Geriatr Med Res"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1086\/301901","article-title":"Genetic association of apolipoprotein E with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"63","author":"Klaver","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"bib26","first-page":"635","article-title":"Interactions between apolipoprotein E metabolism and retinal inflammation in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"22","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.08.001","article-title":"Aging, age-related macular degeneration, and the response-to-retention of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins","volume":"28","author":"Curcio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog Ret Eye Res"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2697","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt188","article-title":"Contribution of cerebrovascular disease in autopsy confirmed neurodegenerative disease cases in the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center","volume":"136","author":"Toledo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.02.023","article-title":"Proposed lexicon for anatomic landmarks in normal posterior segment spectral-domain optical coherence tomography: the IN*OCT Consensus","volume":"121","author":"Staurenghi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M053439","article-title":"Pathways of cholesterol homeostasis in mouse retina responsive to dietary and pharmacologic treatments","volume":"56","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlr.2023.100401","article-title":"Quantitative characterizations of the cholesterol-related pathways in the retina and brain of hamsters","volume":"64","author":"Mast","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.11.1484","article-title":"The Age-Related Eye Disease Study severity scale for age-related macular degeneration. AREDS Report No. 17","volume":"123","author":"Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.05.001","article-title":"Hyperreflective foci and specks are associated with delayed rod-mediated dark adaptation in nonneovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"4","author":"Echols","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01825-1","article-title":"A computerized method of visual acuity testing: adaptation of the early treatment of diabetic retinopathy study testing protocol","volume":"135","author":"Beck","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-1198","article-title":"Improving the design of the letter contrast sensitivity test","volume":"46","author":"Arditi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"bib36","first-page":"S54","article-title":"Cognition assessment using the NIH Toolbox","volume":"80","author":"Weintraub","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617714000320","article-title":"The cognition battery of the NIH Toolbox for Assessment of Neurological and Behavioral Function: validation in an adult sample","volume":"20","author":"Weintraub","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.11.10.23","article-title":"Impact of the aging lens and posterior capsular opacification on quantitative autofluorescence imaging in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"11","author":"Berlin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","article-title":"Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schindelin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(13)38013-0","article-title":"Classification of diabetic retinopathy from fluorescein angiograms. ETDRS report number 11","volume":"98","author":"Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06821-4","article-title":"Retinal layer assessments as potential biomarkers for brain atrophy in the Rhineland Study","volume":"12","author":"Mauschitz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12010147","article-title":"Accelerated brain atrophy, microstructural decline and connectopathy in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"12","author":"Stout","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"bib46","first-page":"795","article-title":"Preservation of ganglion cell layer neurons in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"42","author":"Medeiros","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004500","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography identifies outer retina thinning in frontotemporal degeneration","volume":"89","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2014.06.010","article-title":"A murine Rp1 missense mutation causes protein mislocalization and slowly progressive photoreceptor degeneration","volume":"184","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e31820376cc","article-title":"Protein aggregation in the aging retina","volume":"70","author":"Leger","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1158","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005205","article-title":"Retinal signs and 20-year cognitive decline in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study","volume":"90","author":"Deal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.10.002","article-title":"Retinal signs and risk of incident dementia in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study","volume":"15","author":"Deal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-310476","article-title":"Evaluation of optical coherence tomography angiographic findings in Alzheimer's type dementia","volume":"102","author":"Belmut","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2018.3556","article-title":"Association of preclinical Alzheimer disease with optical coherence tomographic angiography findings","volume":"136","author":"O'Bryhim","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-314127","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography in preclinical Alzheimer's disease","volume":"104","author":"van de Kreeke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.05.003","article-title":"Choriocapillaris breakdown precedes retinal degeneration in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"35","author":"Biesemeier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6476","article-title":"Choriocapillaris vascular dropout related to density of drusen in human eyes with early age-related macular degeneration","volume":"52","author":"Mullins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.12.41","article-title":"Choriocapillaris impairment is associated with delayed rod-mediated dark adaptation in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"64","author":"Kar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656750","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.656750","article-title":"Choriocapillaris changes are correlated with disease duration and MoCA score in early-onset dementia","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabc8479","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc8479","article-title":"Counteracting age-related VEGF signaling insufficiency promotes healthy aging and extends life span","volume":"373","author":"Grunewald","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15106","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94676-6","article-title":"The impact of vascular risk factors on the thickness and volume of the choroid in AMD patients","volume":"11","author":"Krytkoswka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198608213150804","article-title":"Optic-nerve degeneration in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"315","author":"Hinton","year":"1986","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(96)00010-3","article-title":"Retinal pathology in Alzheimer's disease. I. Ganglion cell loss in fovea\/parafovea retina","volume":"17","author":"Blanks","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(96)00009-7","article-title":"Retinal pathology in Alzheimer's disease. II. Regional neuron loss and glial changes in GCL","volume":"17","author":"Blanks","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"bib64","first-page":"102501027","article-title":"A vascular theory of aging","volume":"65","author":"Le Couteur","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sc Med Sci"},{"key":"bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308345","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1308345","article-title":"New insight on microglia activation in neurodegenerative diseases and therapeutics","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"bib66","first-page":"6","article-title":"The neuroimmune axis of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"15","author":"Jorfi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genomic Med"},{"key":"bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28909","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.v95.7","article-title":"New-onset neurodegenerative diseases as long-term sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"95","author":"Rahmati","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"bib38","volume-title":"NIH Toolbox for Assessment of Neurological and Behavioral Function: Administrator's Manual","author":"National Institutes of Health","year":"2020"},{"key":"bib39","volume-title":"NIH Toolbox Scoring and Interpretation Guide","author":"Slotkin","year":"2012"},{"key":"bib41","volume-title":"The Retina","author":"Polyak","year":"1941"}],"container-title":["Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2793648","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:31:48Z","timestamp":1791927108000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2793648"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.65.5.16","relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]]}}}