{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:01:28Z","timestamp":1791928888349,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.11.65","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T14:30:36Z","timestamp":1756218636000},"page":"65","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of Treadmill Exercise on Retinal Vascular Morphology, Function, and Circulating Immune Factors in a Mouse Model of Retinal Degeneration"],"prefix":"10.1167","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Hayden B.","family":"Haupt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Atlanta VA Medical Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Decatur, Georgia, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Nickerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey H.","family":"Boatright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atlanta VA Medical Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Decatur, Georgia, United States"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Machelle T.","family":"Pardue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atlanta VA Medical Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Decatur, Georgia, United States"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States"},{"name":"Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie L.","family":"Bales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atlanta VA Medical Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Decatur, Georgia, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"bib1","first-page":"21","article-title":"The Bowman Lecture, 1979. The little brain","volume":"99","author":"Davson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K (1962)"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e126747","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.126747","article-title":"Blood-retina barrier failure and vision loss in neuron-specific degeneration","volume":"5","author":"Ivanova","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200421686","article-title":"Rescue of retinal degeneration by intravitreally injected adult bone marrow-derived lineage-negative hematopoietic stem cells","volume":"114","author":"Otani","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069449","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.1069449","article-title":"Methods to measure blood flow and vascular reactivity in the retina","volume":"9","author":"B\u00f6hm","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-023-02721-7","article-title":"The role of the retinal vasculature in age-related macular degeneration: a spotlight on OCTA","volume":"38","author":"Taylor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2019.07.004","article-title":"Persistent remodeling and neurodegeneration in late-stage retinal degeneration","volume":"74","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109566","article-title":"Retinal vascular remodeling in photoreceptor degenerative disease","volume":"234","author":"Nguyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6839","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-16792","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of voluntary exercise in an inherited retinal degeneration mouse model","volume":"56","author":"Hanif","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25883","article-title":"Low-intensity exercise in mice is sufficient to protect retinal function during light-induced retinal degeneration","volume":"60","author":"Mees","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib10","first-page":"462","article-title":"Wheel running exercise protects against retinal degeneration in the I307N rhodopsin mouse model of inducible autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.25063","article-title":"Treadmill exercise promotes retinal astrocyte plasticity and protects against retinal degeneration in a mouse model of light-induced retinal degeneration","volume":"100","author":"Bales","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6940","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-57027-9","article-title":"Voluntary exercise preserves visual function and reduces inflammatory response in an adult mouse model of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa","volume":"14","author":"Bales","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(91)90282-X","article-title":"Flicker evoked increase in optic nerve head blood flow in anesthetized cats","volume":"128","author":"Riva","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2004.07.002","article-title":"Visually evoked hemodynamical response and assessment of neurovascular coupling in the optic nerve and retina","volume":"24","author":"Riva","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog Retinal Eye Res"},{"issue":"34","key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11504","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1971-14.2014","article-title":"Regulation of blood flow in the retinal trilaminar vascular network","volume":"34","author":"Kornfield","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.5.4.11","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography in mice: comparison with confocal scanning laser microscopy and fluorescein angiography","volume":"5","author":"Giannakaki-Zimmermann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27385","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027385","article-title":"A computational tool for quantitative analysis of vascular networks","volume":"6","author":"Zudaire","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71","DOI":"10.1002\/cpns.71","article-title":"Magnetic Cell sorting for in vivo and in vitro astrocyte, neuron, and microglia analysis","volume":"88","author":"Holt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib19","first-page":"52","article-title":"Voluntary exercise suppresses choroidal neovascularization in mice","volume":"61","author":"Makin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.12.8.2","article-title":"Assessing the sensitivity of OCT-A retinal vasculature metrics","volume":"12","author":"Szpernal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.16.12.1252.5021","article-title":"Diffuse luminance flicker increases retinal vessel diameter in humans","volume":"16","author":"Formaz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib22","first-page":"2721","article-title":"Influence of flicker frequency on flicker-induced changes of retinal vessel diameter","volume":"43","author":"Polak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"34","key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11504","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1971-14.2014","article-title":"Regulation of blood flow in the retinal trilaminar vascular network","volume":"34","author":"Kornfield","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-0189","article-title":"Retinal arteriolar dilation predicts retinopathy in adolescents with type 1 diabetes","volume":"31","author":"Cheung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.1.76","article-title":"The relation of retinal vessel caliber to the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy: XIX: the Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy","volume":"122","author":"Klein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2003.033548","article-title":"Reduced response of retinal vessel diameters to flicker stimulation in patients with diabetes","volume":"88","author":"Garh\u00f6fer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-019-04533-6","article-title":"The flicker response of venous oxygen saturation is significantly reduced in the early and late stages of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"258","author":"Donicova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702004","article-title":"Ocular blood flow changes after dynamic exercise in humans","volume":"20","author":"Okuno","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20210565","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20210565","article-title":"Interplay of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors in organ-specific vessel maintenance","volume":"219","author":"Karaman","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-023-00389-x","article-title":"Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) contributes to macular fibrosis in neovascular age-related macular degeneration through modulating macrophage functions","volume":"20","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immun Ageing"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143045","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1143045","article-title":"Assessment of aggregate index of systemic inflammation and systemic inflammatory response index in dry age-related macular degeneration: a retrospective study","volume":"10","author":"Sannan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-27378-1","article-title":"Systemic inflammatory disease and AMD comorbidity","volume":"1185","author":"Schnabolk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"issue":"15","key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3239","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10153239","article-title":"Understanding chronic venous disease: a critical overview of its pathophysiology and medical management","volume":"10","author":"Ortega","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1016","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00779.2004","article-title":"Cytokines and vascular reactivity in resistance arteries","volume":"288","author":"Vila","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01618","article-title":"IL-1 family members mediate cell death, inflammation and angiogenesis in retinal degenerative diseases","volume":"10","author":"Wooff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15334","article-title":"Assessment of retinal function and morphology in aging Ccl2 knockout mice","volume":"56","author":"Vessey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5395","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8719","article-title":"Immune mediators in vitreous fluids from patients with vitreoretinal B-cell lymphoma","volume":"53","author":"Usui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2019.07.028","article-title":"Dysregulations of follicular helper T cells through IL-21 pathway in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"114","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-9-111","article-title":"Complement component C5a promotes expression of IL-22 and IL-17 from human T cells and its implication in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-012-2545-z","article-title":"Circulating MMP-9 during exercise in humans","volume":"113","author":"Rullman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.74.4.228","article-title":"Ultrastructural distribution of collagen types I-VI in aging human retinal vessels","volume":"74","author":"Marshall","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S0171-2985(00)80078-9","article-title":"Increase in immune activation, vascular endothelial growth factor and erythropoietin after an ultramarathon run at moderate altitude","volume":"201","author":"Schobersberger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib43","first-page":"H679","article-title":"Exercise-induced expression of angiogenesis-related transcription and growth factors in human skeletal muscle","volume":"276","author":"Gustafsson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"Pt 6","key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.200733","article-title":"Exercise-induced liver chemokine CXCL-1 expression is linked to muscle-derived interleukin-6 expression","volume":"589","author":"Pedersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E831","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00339.2011","article-title":"Muscle-derived expression of the chemokine CXCL1 attenuates diet-induced obesity and improves fatty acid oxidation in the muscle","volume":"302","author":"Pedersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.11.30","article-title":"Changes of serum inflammatory molecules and their relationships with visual function in retinitis pigmentosa","volume":"61","author":"Okita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05909-x","article-title":"Decreased complement 4 and interleukin-10 as biomarkers in aqueous humour for non-exudative age-related macular degeneration: a case control study","volume":"23","author":"Schikora","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2011.141","article-title":"Bone marrow-derived monocyte lineage cells recruited by MIP-1\u00df promote physiological revascularization in mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy","volume":"92","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.7.17","article-title":"CD40 upregulation in the retina of patients with diabetic retinopathy: association with TRAF2\/TRAF6 upregulation and inflammatory molecule expression","volume":"64","author":"Vos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4226","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3910","article-title":"Interferon gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) and eotaxin as biomarkers in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"51","author":"Mo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"}],"container-title":["Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2810725","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:32:10Z","timestamp":1791927130000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iovs.arvojournals.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2810725"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.66.11.65","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2025.02.11.637694","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1552-5783"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5783","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]}}}